評(píng)論
打印
It evokes the container metaphor of communication, in which we conceive of ideas as objects,
這使人想起語(yǔ)言交流中的"容器隱喻"，在這里面我們把想法理解成實(shí)物
sentences as containers, and communication as a kind of sending.
句子就像容器，語(yǔ)言交流就像快遞
As when we say we "gather" our ideas, to "put" them "into" words,
當(dāng)我們說(shuō)"gather"（收集）我們的想法，并"'put' them 'into' word"（把它們付諸語(yǔ)言）
and if our words aren't "empty" or "hollow," we might get these ideas "across" to a listener,
如果我們說(shuō)的話并不"empty"(空)或者"hollow"（空洞），我們就可以把意思傳達(dá)“過(guò)去”(“across")
who can "unpack" our words to "extract" their "content."
讓一個(gè)能夠”拆解“("unpack")我們的語(yǔ)言而提取“內(nèi)涵”("content")
And indeed, this kind of verbiage is not the exception, but the rule.
諸如此類的修辭法不是個(gè)例，而是廣泛規(guī)則
It's very hard to find any example of abstract language that is not based on some concrete metaphor.
想找到純抽象的而非實(shí)物隱喻的表達(dá)的例子難之又難
For example, you can use the verb "go" and the prepositions "to" and "from" in a literal, spatial sense.
譬如說(shuō)，你可以用動(dòng)詞"go"以及介詞"to"和"from"來(lái)表達(dá)字面意思：
"The messenger went from Paris to Istanbul."
“信使從巴黎去了伊斯坦布爾。”
You can also say, "Biff went from sick to well."
你也可以說(shuō)，“比夫從病中康復(fù)。”
He needn't go anywhere. He could have been in bed the whole time,
他哪里都沒(méi)“去”，而是可能一直呆在床上
but it's as if his health is a point in state space that you conceptualize as moving.
但是我們說(shuō)話時(shí)仿佛他的健康狀況是空間中的點(diǎn)，你給它一種動(dòng)的概念
Or, "The meeting went from three to four," in which we conceive of time as stretched along a line.
或者，“會(huì)從3點(diǎn)一直開(kāi)到4點(diǎn)，”這里我們把時(shí)間想成分布在一條直線上
Likewise, we use "force" to indicate not only physical force,
與此相似地，我們用力的概念來(lái)表示不僅僅是物理的力
as in, "Rose forced the door to open," but also interpersonal force,
比如，"Rose forced the door to open"，也包括人際間的作用力
as in, "Rose forced Sadie to go," not necessarily by manhandling her, but by issuing a threat.
比如，"Rose forced Sadie to go"--不一定要推推搡搡的，而是通過(guò)威脅。
Or, "Rose forced herself to go," as if there were two entities inside Rose's head, engaged in a tug of a war.
或者"Rose forced Sadie to go"，仿佛羅斯的頭腦里有兩個(gè)東西在進(jìn)行拔河
Second conclusion is that the ability to conceive of a given event in two different ways,
第二個(gè)結(jié)論是用不同方式構(gòu)思同一事件的能力
such as "cause something to go to someone" and "causing someone to have something,"
比如，“使某物到某人那里，”和“使某人擁有某物，”
I think is a fundamental feature of human thought, and it's the basis for much human argumentation,
我認(rèn)為這是人類思維的基本特點(diǎn)，而且是人類論辯的基礎(chǔ)
in which people don't differ so much on the facts as on how they ought to be construed.
論辯中人們爭(zhēng)議的一般不是事實(shí)，而是應(yīng)該如何理解它們。
