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The great increase in manufacturing, and the great changes in modes of transport, led people to crowd together in cities and towns. These inventions made it possible to feed and warm large numbers of persons gathered into small areas. The cities began to grow so fast that people could no longer live near their work or the shops. Lines of stagecoaches were established, and the coaches were soon followed by horse cars, which ran on iron tracks laid in the streets.
制造業的巨大發展以及交通方式的巨大改變讓人們紛紛涌向大城市和城鎮。這些發明成就了一種可能性，那就是，一大批人可以聚集在一些小地方而不遭受饑寒。城市發展非常迅猛，人們再也不可能在靠近自己工作或購物的地方居住；人們修建了馬車線路，不久，馬匹拉動的客車出現在大街上，這些馬車在街上鋪就的鐵軌上行走。
300. Progress in Letters.
300．文化的發展
There was also great progress in learning. The school system was constantly improved. Especially was this the case in the West, where the government devoted one thirty-sixth part of the public lands to education. High schools were founded, and soon normal schools were added to them. Even the colleges awoke from their long sleep. More students went to them, and the methods of teaching were improved. Some slight attention, too, was given to teaching the sciences. In 1828 Noah Webster published the first edition of his great dictionary. Unfortunately he tried to change the spelling of many words. But in other ways his dictionary was a great improvement. He defined words so that they could be understood, and he gave the American meaning of many words, as "congress." American writers now began to make great reputations. Cooper, Irving, and Bryant were already well known. They were soon joined by a wonderful set of men, who speedily made America famous. These were Emerson, Lowell, Longfellow, Holmes, Hawthorne, Prescott, Motley, Bancroft, and Sparks. In science, also, men of mark were beginning their labors, as Pierce, Gray, Silliman, and Dana. Louis Agassiz before long began his wonderful lectures, which did much to make science popular. In short, Jackson's administration marks the time when American life began to take on its modern form.
美國在教育方面也取得了很大發展。學制不斷被提高，西部地區更是如此，政府拿出三十六分之一的土地興辦教育。人們創辦高中，并很快隨之創辦師范學校，甚至大學也煥然一新。更多的學生走進學校，教學方法也得到改進，關于科學的教學也被給予一定的關注。1828年，諾亞o韋伯斯特大字典出版。不幸的是他想改變許多單詞的拼寫，但這部字典在其他方面也做出了巨大改進；他給出語詞的定義以幫助人們理解，并且，他給出美國人所理解的許多單詞（如"國會"）的意義。從此，美國開始出現一些著名的作家，庫珀、歐文和布萊恩特都已經非常出名，很快出現了另一批文學巨匠，他們讓美國聞名世界，這些人有愛默生、羅威爾、朗費羅、赫爾墨斯、霍桑、普雷斯科特、莫特利、班克勞夫特和斯巴克斯等。科學方面也有一些偉人嶄露頭角，如皮爾斯、格瑞、斯里曼和戴納等。不久以后，路易斯o阿格賽茲推出其精彩的系列講座，這些講座為科學普及做了大量工作。總之，杰克森政府代表著一個時代，美國人從此有了現代生活的樣式。
