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Mother trees colonize their kin with bigger mycorrhizal networks.
母樹通過更大的菌根網(wǎng)絡(luò)來覆蓋住自己孩子們所在的區(qū)域。
They send them more carbon below ground.
在地下，它們給孩子們會送去更多的碳。
They even reduce their own root competition to make elbow room for their kids.
它們甚至?xí)p少它們自己和其它樹根部的競爭，來為它們的孩子們創(chuàng)造更多的活動空間。
When mother trees are injured or dying,
當母樹受傷或即將枯死的時候，
they also send messages of wisdom on to the next generation of seedlings.
它們還會把智慧信息傳給下一代的幼苗。
So we've used isotope tracing to trace carbon moving from an injured mother tree
我們使用同位素示蹤法來追蹤碳的走向，從一棵受傷的母樹
down her trunk into the mycorrhizal network and into her neighboring seedlings,
樹干的地方一直向下到地下的真菌網(wǎng)絡(luò)，再到它周圍的幼苗中，
not only carbon but also defense signals.
不僅僅是碳元素，還有防衛(wèi)信號的走向。
And these two compounds have increased the resistance of those seedlings to future stresses.
這兩種混合物可以給這些幼苗增加抵抗力，來面對未來的壓力。
So trees talk. Thank you.
所以樹是會說話的。謝謝。
Through back and forth conversations, they increase the resilience of the whole community.
通過反反復(fù)復(fù)的對話，它們增強了整個團體的恢復(fù)力。
It probably reminds you of our own social communities, and our families, well, at least some families.
這可能會使你聯(lián)想到我們?nèi)祟惖纳鐣后w和我們的家庭，當然，至少有些家庭是這樣團結(jié)的。
So let's come back to the initial point.
那么讓我們回到最初的話題吧。
Forests aren't simply collections of trees,
森林不是簡簡單單的樹的“集合”，
they're complex systems with hubs and networks that overlap and connect trees and allow them to communicate,
森林是擁有樞紐和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)，它可以承載樹木并且把樹連接起來，使得它們可以互相溝通，
and they provide avenues for feedbacks and adaptation, and this makes the forest resilient.
它給樹木提供了互相反饋的渠道和適應(yīng)的方式，也使得森林的恢復(fù)力變得更強。
That's because there are many hub trees and many overlapping networks.
這是因為在森林中存在著許多的中心樹和重重疊疊的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
But they're also vulnerable, vulnerable not only to natural disturbances
但森林也還是很脆弱的，之所以脆弱不僅僅是因為它們會受到自然界的干擾，
like bark beetles that preferentially attack big old trees but high-grade logging and clear-cut logging.
比如樹皮甲蟲會時不時地攻擊粗壯的老樹，而是因為高強度伐木和皆伐的影響。
