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Not only that, we're continuing to plant one or two species and weed out the aspens and birches.
不僅如此，我們還在繼續種植著那一兩種單一的樹木，還繼續著把山楊和樺樹清除出去。
These simplified forests lack complexity,
這種單一的樹木種類使森林缺少了多樣性，
and they're really vulnerable to infections and bugs.
這讓它們在傳染病和蟲害面前根本不堪一擊。
And as climate changes, this is creating a perfect storm
隨著氣候變化，這也將會為一些極端事件
for extreme events, like the massive mountain pine beetle outbreak that just swept across North America,
帶來一場瘋狂的風暴，比如剛剛席卷整個北美洲的山松甲蟲大爆發，
or that megafire in the last couple months in Alberta.
還有過去幾個月在阿爾伯塔的森林大火。
So I want to come back to my final question:
所以現在我想提我的最后一個問題：
instead of weakening our forests, how can we reinforce them and help them deal with climate change?
與破壞我們的森林相反，我們怎么才能讓它們變得更強大，怎么才能幫助它們應對氣候變化呢？
Well, you know, the great thing about forests as complex systems is they have enormous capacity to self-heal.
其實你們知道嗎，森林作為一個復雜的系統，最好的一點就是它們擁有相當強大的自愈能力。
In our recent experiments, we found with patch-cutting and retention of hub trees
在我們最近幾個實驗中，我們發現小規模的砍伐，把中心樹保護好，
and regeneration to a diversity of species and genes and genotypes
物種多樣性、基因和基因型多樣性的再生，
that these mycorrhizal networks, they recover really rapidly.
加上這些真菌網絡的存在，會使森林的恢復速度變得無比迅速。
So with this in mind, I want to leave you with four simple solutions.
所以出于這種考慮，我想提出四個簡單的解決方法。
And we can't kid ourselves that these are too complicated to act on.
而且我們一定不能自欺欺人，因為這些做起來其實也挺復雜的。
