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So if you sort of look at Tesla or Space X you ask, you know, was there sort of single breakthrough?
看看特斯拉和SpaceX這樣的公司，思考一下，它們的技術(shù)突破很單一嗎？
They certainly innovated on a lot of dimensions.
它們在很多個(gè)方面都進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新
I don't think there was a single tennex breakthrough and battery storage,
我不認(rèn)為它們在改進(jìn)電池容量方面有巨大突破
or you know, maybe working on some things in rocketry.
或是在火箭技術(shù)的某方面有巨大突破
But they hadn't, there was no sort of single massive breakthrough,
它們在單一領(lǐng)域沒有巨大的突破
but what was really impressive was integrating all these pieces together, and doing it in a way
不過他們很善于把各方面的創(chuàng)新整合起來
that was more vertically integrated than most of their competitors.
并且垂直整合的能力比其他競爭者都高
So, Tesla, you also integrated the car distributors, so they wouldn't steal all the money,
特斯拉整合了汽車分銷商，節(jié)省了不必要的浪費(fèi)
as has happened with the rest of the car industry in the US.
之前這種浪費(fèi)在美國的汽車領(lǐng)域經(jīng)常發(fā)生
Or SpaceX, you basically pulled in all the subcontractors
SpaceX拉攏了所有的轉(zhuǎn)包商
where most of the large aerospace companies have single source subcontractors
與此不同的是，其他航空公司通常只選擇一家轉(zhuǎn)包商
that are able to sort of charge monopoly profits,
轉(zhuǎn)包商就會形成壟斷，控制利潤
and make it very hard for the integrated aerospace companies to make money.
這樣就使得這些航空公司很難賺到錢
And so vertical integration I think is sort of a very under explored modality of technological progress,
因此我想，垂直整合對于技術(shù)進(jìn)步的意義還沒有被充分重視
that people would do well to look at more.
如果人們意識到這一點(diǎn)，會做的更好
And then I think there is, there is something about software itself that's very, very powerful.
對于軟件來說，我想有一點(diǎn)是特別具有優(yōu)勢的
Software has these incredible economies of scale,
軟件具有極大的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)
these low marginal costs and there is something about the world of bits, as opposed to the world of atoms,
很低的邊際成本，這是數(shù)字世界與傳統(tǒng)世界的對決
where you can often get very fast adoption.
軟件可以很快地進(jìn)行普及
And, and the fast adoption is critical to capturing and taking over markets because even if you have a small market
這對于占領(lǐng)市場是很重要的，因?yàn)榧词鼓氵M(jìn)入的是一個(gè)小市場
if the adoption rate is too slow, there'll be enough time for other people to enter that market, and compete with you.
如果普及太慢的話，其他競爭對手就會有時(shí)間進(jìn)入市場和你競爭
