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And if we're more concerned about our fellow primates than we are about insects, as indeed we are,
如果和昆蟲做比較，我們比較關(guān)心我們自己的物種
it's because we think they're exposed to a greater range of potential happiness and suffering.
那是因為我們認(rèn)為我們比昆蟲能感受到更大程度的快樂或痛苦
Now, the crucial thing to notice here is that this is a factual claim:
其中的意義是這個說法是有實證的
This is something that we could be right or wrong about.
這中間是有對錯的
And if we have misconstrued the relationship between biological complexity and the possibilities of experience
如果我們在生物復(fù)雜性和知覺體驗的關(guān)系上做出了錯誤的推估
well then we could be wrong about the inner lives of insects.
那代表我們有可能錯估了昆蟲的內(nèi)心生活
And there's no notion, no version of human morality and human values that I've ever come across
但是我發(fā)覺從沒有一種道德和價值觀
that is not at some point reducible to a concern about conscious experience and its possible changes.
是和人類的感知體驗和嘗試改變這感知體驗的可能性無關(guān)的
Even if you get your values from religion,
就算你的價值觀來自宗教
even if you think that good and evil ultimately relate to conditions after death
就算你認(rèn)為善惡和死后的結(jié)果有關(guān)聯(lián)
either to an eternity of happiness with God or an eternity of suffering in hell
永遠和神在快樂的國度里逍遙或是永遠在地獄之火中燃燒
you are still concerned about consciousness and its changes.
這仍然兩種不同的感知體驗有關(guān)
And to say that such changes can persist after death is itself a factual claim,
認(rèn)為這些體驗會一直持續(xù)到死后的世界也是在追求一種實證
which, of course, may or may not be true.
雖然誰也不知道死后的世界會如何
Now, to speak about the conditions of well-being in this life, for human beings,
談到幸福生活的基礎(chǔ)，身為人類，在此生
we know that there is a continuum of such facts.
我們知道有些事實一直存在
We know that it's possible to live in a failed state,
我們知道你有可能會住在一個失序的國家
where everything that can go wrong does go wrong -- where mothers cannot feed their children,
所有東西都有可能出錯，母親無法喂養(yǎng)她們的孩子
where strangers cannot find the basis for peaceful collaboration, where people are murdered indiscriminately.
人們找不到一個能保障和平的共識，人們被不分青紅地謀殺
