評論
打印
In this early period actually, the states legislature in most of the states shows the electors
事實上在建國初期，選舉人是由州的立法機關指定的
and that wasn't it was only the popular voting for the electors in a few states and actually up until to the1830s
只有幾個州的選舉人是由普選產生的，這種情況持續到1830年左右
that was changing all the time
選拔方式一直在變
different states sometimes would have a popular election for the electors and then switch back
有些州曾實施普選選舉人制度但后來又改了
South Carolina didn't do it until after the civil war
南卡羅來納一直沒有實現普選，直到南北戰爭之后
but basically by the 1830s you do get popular voting for the electors
但事實上1830之后，選舉人基本上均由普選產生
and also by that time, you got good county level data
也是從那時起，開始有記錄好的縣級統計數據
earlier than that a lot of returns would lose. we just don't have it
在那之前的統計數據都丟失了，已經找不到了
and one thing I should mention too is a book that I wish I could have everybody buy
還有件事情要說，有本書我希望你們都能買
I wish I could show the overheads
希望你們能接受這點額外開支
"Historical Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections" by J. Clark Archer and several other geographers
這本書是《美國總統大選歷史地圖集》，作者是卡拉克阿切爾以及其它幾個地理學家
and this has county level maps all the way back
這邊書里有所有大選的縣級地圖
it's by far the most comprehensive source
這里面的資料是最全的了
it's about 150$. I don't wanna have people buy it and of course these are a copyrighted maps, so I can't show them to you
定價約150美金，我本身也不想你們買這本書，但書里的地圖都是受版權保護的，我不能用里面的地圖上課
but if you get down into the county level that's the place to go and I highly recommended
但如果要了解縣級數據，這本書是應該被強烈推薦的
so anyway, Washington, sort of the unanimous of all the states at the time
回到我們的課，華盛頓是當時所有州一致的選擇
Washington didn't want to see parties emerging
他本人不希望有黨派出現
He didn't want factionalism but of course factionalism emerged and it actually was emerging in his two terms
他厭惡政黨政治，但它無疑還是出現了，而且在他的任期內就已出現
emerging among the members of his cabinet with John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
出現在他的內閣成員當中，各由亞當斯和漢密爾頓帶頭
