評論
打印
And as such this testifies to the lofty importance that Halakha accords to or saving lives in general. But as originally stated the Rodef defence
這其實(shí)從另一個側(cè)面證明了猶太法在總體上對人類生命的看重Rodef辯護(hù)只適用于一種情況
pertained only to a situation in which one individual directly encountered a second individual attempting to kill a third individual.
那就是一個人目擊另一個人要對第三方實(shí)施謀殺
The law is expanded in its interpretation to apply to more indirect situations to the prevention of non-capital crimes and to the protection of the public as a whole.
這條法律被擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用于其他一些不那么直接的情況 用來阻止不是那么罪大惡極的犯罪 保護(hù)公眾的生命
To take a significant example from the previous decade, Amir the assassin of attempted to argue that his killing of
我來舉一個過去十年發(fā)生的非常重要的案例 殺人犯Amir辯護(hù)說他殺死Rhabin是受哈拉卡法律
Rhabin was Halakhically justified since Rhabin was a or informer who by negotiating to establish a Palestinian state became a Rodef who endangered
保護(hù)的 因?yàn)镽habin是猶太人的告密者想要通過談判建立巴勒斯坦國這樣就危及到了整個猶太民族 也就因此成為了
the whole Jewish people, most authorities rejected Amir's claim but the fact that he made it at all shows the danger of allowing any legal exceptions
Rodef 大多數(shù)法律權(quán)威都駁回了Amir的辯護(hù) 但是這個案例顯示了任何法律上的例外或者不同于正規(guī)程序的捷徑存在
or shortcuts to due process. The ancient sages were aware of this as Weintraub argues, and thus they endeavoured to place a number
的危險性 古代的智者對此也有明確認(rèn)識 所以他們在Rodef辯護(hù)的發(fā)生條件上
of restrictions on the application of the Rodef principle. There are three primary restrictions on the application of Rodef. First that force
加了一系列限制主要的限制條件有三首先是這種行為的目的必須是使
must be intended to save a particular victim from imminent and probable harm. Second that Rodef cannot be used to
一個特定的受害者免于承受即將到來的傷害第二條是Rodef辯護(hù)不能被用于為對
justify harm to third party innocents and third that the Rodef bust be thwarted with minimal harm proportional to the threat he poses.
無辜第三方造成的傷害開脫第三是Rodef受到的傷害必須與他有意造成的傷害成正比
Weintraub deals with each of these restrictions in turn before asking how they might apply to the interrogation of US detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan and Guantanamo.
Weintraub分別分析了這三條限制條件在美軍對伊拉克 阿富汗和關(guān)塔那摩被扣押者的審問中的應(yīng)用
With regards to the first restriction, that force may be employed only to save a particular victim from imminent
就第一條限制條件來說造成的傷害必須能夠使得第三方免于收到迫近的威脅的傷害
and probable harm, the Rabbi has emphasised the spontaneity of such a situation, the situation cannot be premeditated,
Rabbi強(qiáng)調(diào)了這種事件發(fā)生的即時性這種情況不能被預(yù)先策劃 不能夠基于
it cannot be based upon one's assessment of the prior conduct or future threat posed by the Rodef. But rather must be in response to a pressing and present need.
對Rodef已有行為的判斷和對可能威脅的預(yù)期來施加懲罰 而必須是基于一種迫切的需要
If the attacker one seeks to foil has already stopped beating the third party by the time one reaches him for example.
如果可能受到懲罰的襲擊者在目擊者到來的時候已經(jīng)停止對第三方造成傷害 這時 對襲擊者造成的傷害
At that point violence against the attacker remains assault and is not protected by the Rodef defence.
就構(gòu)成了襲擊 而不受Rodef辯護(hù)的保護(hù)
