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Chapter 9
第9章
Colonial Development, 1688—1760
殖民地的發展（1688——1760年）
81. The Stuart Tyranny.
81．斯圖亞特王朝的暴政
Instead of admiring the growth of the colonies in strength and in liberty, Charles and James saw it with dismay. The colonies were becoming too strong and too free. They determined to reduce all the colonies to royal provinces, like Virginia—with the exception of Pennsylvania which belonged to their friend, William Penn. There was a good deal to be said in favor of this plan, for the colonists were so jealous of each other that they would not unite against the French or the Indians. If the governments were all in the hands of the king, the whole strength of the British colonies could be used against any enemy of England.
殖民地日漸強大和自由，查理二世和詹姆斯卻毫無欣賞之態，而是對此感到非常害怕。殖民地正變得太強大、太自由，他們決定把殖民地劃歸為王室的省，如弗吉尼亞，但賓夕法尼亞是個例外，因為它屬于他們的朋友威廉·佩恩。他們有大量的理由支持這個計劃，因為殖民者彼此妒忌，他們不會統一起來對抗法國和印第安人。如果所有政府都服從國王的管理，不列顛殖民地的全部力量就可以聯合起來反對英格蘭的敵人。
82. The Stuart Tyranny in New England.
82．新英格蘭的斯圖亞特暴政
The Massachusetts charter was now taken away, and Sir Edmund Andros was sent over to govern the colony. He was ordered to make laws and to tax the people without asking their consent. He did as he was ordered to do. He set up the Church of England. He taxed the people. He even took their lands from them, on the ground that the grants from the old Massachusetts government were of no value. When one man pointed to the magistrates' signatures to his grant, Andros told him that their names were worth no more than a scratch with a bear's paw. He also enforced the navigation laws and took possession of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Plymouth. At the same time he was also governor of New Hampshire and of New York.
此時，馬薩諸塞憲章已經不復存在，埃德蒙德·安德羅斯爵士被派去統治這片殖民地，他接到的命令是制定法律和收稅，而不管人們的意愿如何。埃德蒙德·安德羅斯爵士依令而行，他建造英格蘭教堂，向人們征稅，甚至剝奪人們的土地，理由是馬薩諸塞舊政府的授權已經沒有效力。當有人指著自己授權書上地方行政長官的簽名表示不服時，安德羅斯就告訴他，這些簽名如一只熊爪抓過的痕跡一樣不值一提。他還實行強制的航海法規，占領康涅狄格、羅德島和新普利茅斯，同時，他還是新罕布什爾和紐約的總督。
83. The "Glorious Revolution" in America, 1689.
83．美洲的“光榮革命”（1689年）
By this time Charles was dead, and James was King of England. The English people did not like James any better than the New Englanders liked Andros. In 1688 they rebelled and made William of Orange and his wife Mary, James's eldest daughter, King and Queen of England. On their part, the Massachusetts colonists seized Andros and his followers and shut them up in prison (April 18, 1689). The people of Connecticut and Rhode Island turned out Andros's agents and set up their old governments. In New York also Andros's deputy governor was expelled, and the people took control of affairs until the king and queen should send out a governor. Indeed, all the colonies, except Maryland, declared for William and Mary.
到這個時候查理二世已經死去，詹姆斯是英國的國王，英國人厭惡詹姆斯的程度不亞于新英格蘭人厭惡安德羅斯。1688年英國人起義，推舉奧蘭治的威廉和他的妻子瑪麗（詹姆斯的長女）為英國的國王和王后。與此相應，馬薩諸塞的殖民者抓住安德魯斯和他的爪牙們，將他們關進監獄（1689年4月18日）。康涅狄格和羅得島的人驅逐了安德魯斯的代理人，他們組建自己的舊政府。紐約也清除了安德魯斯的代理總督。人們控制局勢等待新國王和王后派來總督。實際上，所有的殖民地（除了馬里蘭之外）都宣稱擁護威廉和瑪麗。
