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38. Religious Intolerance.
38．宗教不容忍
In 1625 King James died, and his son Charles became king. He left the Virginians to themselves for the most part. They liked this. But they did not like his giving the northern part of Virginia to a Roman Catholic favorite, Lord Baltimore, with the name of Maryland. Many Roman Catholics soon settled in Lord Baltimore's colony. The Virginians feared lest they might come to Virginia and made severe laws against them. Puritan missionaries also came from New England and began to convert the Virginians to Puritanism. Governor Berkeley and the leading Virginians were Episcopalians. They did not like the Puritans any better than they liked the Roman Catholics. They made harsh laws against them and drove them out of Virginia into Maryland.
1625年，國王詹姆斯死去，他的兒子查理繼位，他極度放任弗吉尼亞人為所欲為，但是，弗吉尼亞人不滿意的是，查理將弗吉尼亞北方地區(qū)送給羅馬天主教徒羅德·巴爾的摩，并稱其為馬里蘭。許多羅馬天主教徒到巴爾的摩的殖民地定居。弗吉尼亞人感到害怕，唯恐他們來到弗吉尼亞并制定針對弗吉尼亞人的嚴酷法律。清教徒傳教士也從新英格蘭趕來，開始向弗吉尼亞人傳教。總督伯克利和大多數(shù)弗吉尼亞人都是圣公會教徒，他們討厭羅馬天主教徒和清教徒，制定了針對這些人的嚴酷法律并將他們從弗吉尼亞趕到馬里蘭。
39. Settlement of Maryland.
39．馬里蘭的聚居地
Maryland included the most valuable portion of Virginia north of the Potomac. Beside being the owner of all this land, Lord Baltimore was also the ruler of the colony. He invited people to go over and settle in Maryland and offered to give them large tracts of land on the payment of a small sum every year forever. Each man's payment was small. But all the payments taken together, made quite a large amount which went on growing larger and larger as Maryland was settled. The Baltimores were broad-minded men. They gave their colonists a large share in the government of the colony and did what they could to bring about religious toleration in Maryland.
馬里蘭包括波特馬克以北，弗吉尼亞最為富庶的地方，巴爾的摩不僅是這塊陸地的擁有者，還是這塊殖民地的總督，他邀請人們到馬里蘭參觀和定居，并以收繳少量年稅的方式向他們提供大塊的土地。但是，定居者的到來使得收益總量大得驚人，而且越來越大。巴爾的摩的人胸襟開闊，他們給殖民政府中的殖民者大量分紅，并竭力促成馬里蘭的宗教容忍。
40. The Maryland Toleration Act, 1649.
40．《馬里蘭寬容法案》反抗運動（1649年）
The English Roman Catholics were cruelly oppressed. No priest of that faith was allowed to live in England. And Roman Catholics who were not priests had to pay heavy fines simply because they were Roman Catholics. Lord Baltimore hoped that his fellow Catholics might find a place of shelter in Maryland, and many of the leading colonists were Roman Catholics. But most of the laborers were Protestants. Soon came the Puritans from Virginia. They were kindly received and given land. But it was evident that it would be difficult for Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, and Puritans to live together without some kind of law to go by. So a law was made that any Christian might worship as he saw fit. This was the first toleration act in the history of America. It was the first toleration act in the history of modern times. But the Puritan, Roger Williams, had already established religious freedom in Rhode Island.
英國的羅馬天主教徒深受殘酷壓迫，英國不允許天主教牧師在英國駐足，那些不是牧師的羅馬天主教徒不得不支付高昂的罰金，原因很簡單——他們是羅馬天主教徒。羅德·巴爾的摩希望他的教徒們能夠在馬里蘭找到生存之所，并希望多數(shù)殖民者頭領(lǐng)都是羅馬天主教徒。但是，大部分勞動者都是新教徒，很快清教徒從弗吉尼亞趕來，他們得到熱情的接納并被給予土地，但是，對于羅馬天主教徒、圣公會教徒和清教徒而言，沒有任何法律約束而聚居在一起，顯然非常困難，因此，就制定了一部所有基督徒都覺得適當而遵從的法律。這是美國歷史上的第一部信仰自由法令，是現(xiàn)代史上第一部信仰自由法令。但是，清教徒羅格·威廉姆斯已經(jīng)在羅得島確立了宗教自由。
41. Maryland Industries.
41．馬里蘭的工業(yè)
Tobacco was the most important crop in early Maryland. But grain was raised in many parts of the colony. In time also there grew up a large trading town. This was Baltimore. Its shipowners and merchants became rich and numerous, while there were almost no shipowners or merchants in Virginia. There were also fewer slaves in Maryland than in Virginia. Nearly all the hard labor in the former colony was done by white servants. In most other ways, however, Virginia and Maryland were nearly alike.
煙草是早期馬里蘭最重要的作物，但是，這個殖民地的大部分地區(qū)也種植谷物，隨著時間推移這里形成一個大的商貿(mào)集鎮(zhèn)，這就是巴爾的摩。巴爾的摩的船主和商人變成了富人，并且越來越多，而在弗吉尼亞則沒有船主和商人，而且，馬里蘭的奴隸也比弗吉尼亞少。前期的殖民地的所有重體力勞動幾乎都是由白人雇傭工來做，然而，在其他多個方面，弗吉尼亞和馬里蘭都非常相似。
