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Their flaws and their personalities set off the virtues of the Principate which followed.
這三頭的缺陷和個性襯托了后來的元首制的優(yōu)點，
Their personal interactions of wealthy and influential Romans,
富裕并且有影響力的羅馬人之間的私人行為，
even on the family level, could cause political shock waves.
甚至是家庭事件都能導(dǎo)致政治上的軒然大波。
For instance, Pompey was the very loving husband of Caesar's daughter Julia.
舉個例子，龐培是凱撒之女茱莉亞的丈夫，
The marriage was arranged as part of the First Triumvirate
這樁婚姻是作為前三頭同盟的一部分被安排的，
but when she giving birth to a stillborn child her untimely death helped lead to a split between Pompey and Caesar.
但是茱莉亞產(chǎn)下死嬰而亡，促成了龐培和凱撒的決裂，
When stuff like this affects public policy,
如果這樣的事情都能影響公共政策，
when stuff like this affects the state's security, democracy is definitely broken.
都能影響國家安全，民主當然已被破壞。
And here are here's a laundry list of the external signs of a broken government,
這是一份單子，列出了種種政府分裂的外部征兆，
which you can use as you will on an essay exam.
你們可以在考試中用到考試的形式是寫作，
I don't know how much more blatant I can be.
我覺得我已經(jīng)不能說的更明顯了
One. The old Cursus Honorum was great for running a large city-state, as Rome once was.
1:先前的光榮晉升體系對于管理一個大城邦很有效，羅馬就曾是一個大城邦，
It was great for running a small empire, which Rome once was.
對于管理一個小面積帝國也很有效，羅馬也曾經(jīng)是個小帝國，
It was not a good way of administering the entire Mediterranean world.
但是對于管理整個地中海世界光榮晉升體系不再是個好方法，
The flexibility Rome had demonstrated during the Conflict Of The Orders was sadly lacking.
很不幸它不具備羅馬在秩序沖突期間體現(xiàn)出的靈活性。
Two. The Small Farmer Class, backbone of the Roman state and the Roman volunteer army,
2: 小農(nóng)民階層曾是羅馬城邦和羅馬志愿軍的最主要組成部分，
had either been killed off during centuries of warfare or put out of business by the latifundia.
在幾世紀的戰(zhàn)爭中他們不是被殺害就是被大莊園逼迫而破產(chǎn)，
The result was the growth of an Urban Mob at Rome.
結(jié)果是羅馬成長起來了一批城市暴民。
Three. The penalty for attempting to restore the Small Farmer Class was death,
3:試圖恢復(fù)小農(nóng)民階層的懲罰是掉腦袋，
as the Gracchi found out in the second century BC.
格拉古兄弟在公元前二世紀見識了這一點。
Four. As the poor grew poorer and more numerous,
4: 隨著窮人越來越窮并且越來越多，
the already wealthy grew wealthier due to military commands, political considerations,
本來富裕的階層由于對軍事的控制，政治考慮，
and control of the Ager Publicus captured in the wars.
還有對在戰(zhàn)爭中獲得的公有土地的控制變得更加富裕。
Six. The downfall of the Small Farmer Class made it necessary for Roman military to recruit soldiers from the Urban Mob
6:小農(nóng)民階層衰落使得羅馬軍隊需要從城市暴民中征兵
and to pay for their training and upkeep, and this led to the rise of client armies.
并支付對他們的訓(xùn)練和維護，這導(dǎo)致了職業(yè)軍隊的產(chǎn)生。
Seven. There was no consistent policy for assimilating conquered Italian cities.
7: 對于如何吸納攻克了的意大利城市沒有統(tǒng)一政策。
