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And how do we see ingredients listed on the label?
我們應怎么樣理解標簽上的食物原料呢?
Manufacturers are required to list all ingredients on the package label with specific guidelines.
國家要求食品生產(chǎn)者必須在包裝上以明確條目列出所有原料
Products list ingredients in order based on how much is used, greatest to the least.
這些原料要根據(jù)使用量由高到低排列
Some ingredients are listed as spices,
一些原料可以不用列出具體名稱
artificial flavours or artificial colours instead of listing each specific ingredient used.
而只需作為調(diào)味料人工香料和人工色料出現(xiàn)
The next portion of this presentation will discuss four specific additives,
本將下面將討論4種特殊的添加劑，
Amaranth, Tartrazine, BHA, and sodium nitrite.
紫紅花，酒石黃，丁基羥基茴香醚和亞硝酸鈉
Amaranth is a general term that refers to whole family of herbs.
紫紅花是一種涉及到藥草的常規(guī)物質(zhì)
The flowers of the Hopi Red Dye Amaranth,
霍皮紅染料紫紅花的花朵
were used by the Hopi Indians as the source of a deep red dye.
曾被霍皮印第安人制成深紅染料
Today we use it as a colour additive to add colour to
當今我們將其作為顏色添加劑用于
product such as hot dog casings, ice cream, medication, make up and pet food.
熱狗腸衣，冰淇淋，藥品，化妝品和寵物食品的生產(chǎn)中
In the 1970's data from a Russian study began to
俄羅斯70年代的一項數(shù)據(jù)研究
raise questions about the additive as a possible cause of brain tumors and this prompted the wide scare.
提出添加劑可能是患腦瘤的因素之一，這引起了廣泛恐慌
The issue then went to the FDA where they perform their own study and came up with inconclusive results.
這一問題引起了食藥局的關(guān)注，于是開展研究，但并沒有得出明確結(jié)論
It became a bigger issue after the consumer oriented health research group petitioned the FDA to ban Amaranth.
以消費者為主導的健康研究團體請求食藥局禁止紫紅花的使用后，這一問題爭議更大
Also known as Red nr 2.
這種物質(zhì)又稱Red nr 2
Which then began to get attention from consumers.
紫紅花由此受到了消費者的關(guān)注
Once again the FDA's toxicology committee found the additive to be safe but after reviews
食藥局的毒理學委員會再次提出添加劑是安全的，但檢驗后
they concluded that there may be a relation to malignant tumors in female mice.
該機構(gòu)認為該物質(zhì)可能與雌性老鼠體內(nèi)的惡性腫瘤存在關(guān)聯(lián)
The additive was then banned from being used in the United States to prevent fear in consumers.
由此美國為了打消消費者的恐慌，禁止該物質(zhì)的使用
A study published in the food and chemical toxicology journal in 2008
雜志《食品與化學》于2008發(fā)布的一項研究
looked at potential carcinogenic effects of Amaranth.
關(guān)注紫紅花可能存在的致癌效應
It was done with mice where Amaranth was administered twice at 24 hour intervals orally.
該研究每隔24小時使老鼠口服兩次紫紅花
The mice received 200 or a 1000 milligrams which would be an amount that is less than one teaspoon
老鼠注入200或1000毫克該物質(zhì)不足一匙的量
and there was also a control group that was given corn oil and water.
實驗中對照組的老鼠們服用玉米油和水
Researchers then examined the mice's gut and feces and tested for any damage to the DNA to determine
然后研究者們檢驗老鼠的內(nèi)臟和排泄物，并探測任何有損DNA的物質(zhì)
if there was any possible mutations that could cause cancer,
以確定是否存在突變而導致癌癥
and if there were any other type of negative consequences from the dosing.
或紫紅花的注入是否存在其他不良影響
This graph shows the cell changes to mice
這個圖表顯示的是
as a result of the exposure to Amaranth as well as three other additives.
注入紫紅花以及其他三種添加劑的老鼠體內(nèi)的細胞變化
Located inside the red box the researchers determined that
研究者們認為
the incidence of tissue damage in mice given Amaranth was not statistically different from that of the other control groups.
食用紫紅花的老鼠們發(fā)生組織損傷的機率在數(shù)據(jù)上與其他對照組沒有什么不同
In the control groups the incidence of tissue damage was low
對照組中組織損傷發(fā)生機率低些
but when researchers compared food additives to the control group
但當研究者比較食品添加劑時發(fā)現(xiàn)
there was an increase in cell division.
對照組中細胞分離現(xiàn)象較多
But overall the results show when Amaranth is given orally at 24 hour intervals
但整體上來說實驗結(jié)果說明當老鼠每隔24小時
the dye did not significantly increase tissue damage in the gut for doses given up to 1000 milligrams.
口服紫紅花高達1000毫克時都不會導致內(nèi)臟組織損傷的明顯增加
According to the authors Tesuda and Tesaki the observed damages
據(jù)作者Tesuda和Tesaki認為，觀察到的損傷
was not from the toxicity, cell death or accelerated cell growth but maybe from other causes.
并非來自細胞毒性死亡或加速的細胞增長而可能是其他原因
