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The Romans and the Samnites fought on and off for 50 years all over southern Italy.
羅馬人和薩謨奈人一直在意大利南部打了50年的戰爭
And the outcome was not a foregone conclusion.
結果出人意料
At the battle of the Caudine Forks in 321 BC,
公元前321年的卡夫丁峽谷戰役
the Samnites wiped out an entire Roman army.
薩謨奈人消滅了整個羅馬軍隊
Once the Romans finally beat the Samnites for good in 290,
一旦羅馬人真正擊敗薩謨奈人那是公元前290年的事了
they refused to grant the Samnites the usual generous peace terms.
羅馬人拒絕給予薩謨奈人通常的寬容和平條款
The Samnites responded by nursing their injuries and plotting revenge.
薩謨奈人的回應是愈合自己的傷口，進行復仇
The Romans were also invaded twice by Gauls out of the north.
羅馬也被入侵了兩次入侵者是北方的高盧人
In 386 BC, Rome itself was occupied.
公元前386年，羅馬被占領了
In desperation, the Romans elected the General Camillus who had been in exile as dictator.
絕望之下，羅馬選舉卡美盧斯將軍他曾經作為獨裁官被流放
Under Camillus, the Romans drove off the Gauls
在卡美盧斯的領導下，羅馬人趕走了高盧人
and paid them very well to stay away from Rome.
而且狠狠回擊，讓高盧人遠離羅馬
After saving Rome, Camillus just gave up his dictatorship and went back to the farm in the very best Roman tradition.
在拯救了羅馬之后，卡美盧斯放棄了獨裁官的職位，回到農田上這符合羅馬的傳統
Between 290 and 284 BC,
在公元前290年到284年
Rome fended off another Gallic tribe out of the north called the Senones.
羅馬躲開了另一個高盧部落的進攻這個部落被稱作塞農人
Roman victory in the Pyrrhic wars of 282 through 272 BC first undertaken
羅馬在皮洛士戰爭中獲勝這場戰爭從公元前282到272年
to guard Rome's sphere of influence in southern Italy,
目的是保護羅馬在意大利南部的勢力范圍
effectively made Rome
這樣一來
the master of all Italy for good.
羅馬就掌握了整個意大利
During these wars of conquest, the Romans captured many prisoners, which were simple to deal with.
在征服戰爭中羅馬俘獲的很多俘虜這些俘虜很好處理
They became slaves.
變成奴隸
Dealing with the defeated city-states, however,
然而，處理戰敗的城邦國
would become a big problem.
是一個很大的問題
So would dispensing the ager publicus, or farmland conquered during the war.
處理戰爭中獲得的公地或者農田也是個麻煩
The term ager publicus means literally public land.
ager publicus意思是公田
Somehow, it wound up in private hands.
通過某些方法，公田變成私有
The early Romans had never dreamed that their state would become so powerful,
早期羅馬人從沒想到自己的國家會如此強大
since Rome's wars over the years had occurred with no particular pattern,
因為羅馬在過去都沒有特定的發展模式
the Romans had not established a set procedure
羅馬人還沒有建立一套程序
for dealing with the territories they had won
處理這些獲得的土地
and the allies they had made along the way.
以及他們一路上建立的盟友
Some problems could be handled by increasing the number of magistrates,
增加審判官的數量可以解決一些問題
or by letting conquered city-states continue to rule themselves under Roman guidance.
或者讓戰敗的城邦國在羅馬的指導下繼續自行統治
But the sheer inconsistency of Rome's arrangements eventually caused a great deal of grief.
但是回合羅馬的安排有一定偏差最終會導致大量的問題
For one thing, as I've adumbrated,
我說過的一件事
the ager publicus tended to wind up not in the government's hands,
公地可能最終不在政府的掌握中
but in the hands of the conquering generals and friends of the conquering generals.
而是在獲勝的將軍或者將軍的朋友手中
Sometimes, the Romans established colonies;
有時，羅馬會建立殖民地
settlements full of Roman citizens, which became independent cities.
里面住滿了羅馬公民之后就變成了獨立的城市
Some lucky city-states were granted full Roman citizenship with all of its benefits;
一些幸運的城邦國得到保證能夠得到完全羅馬公民權，享受福利
right to Roman justice, the right to marry a Roman,
羅馬正義的權利，和羅馬人結婚的權利
the right to do business with Romans, and the right to vote in Roman elections,
和羅馬人做生意的權利以及選舉的權利
along with the obligations;
同時還要承擔義務
the obligation to pay taxes and serve in the army.
納稅和服兵役的義務
A number of city-states got partial citizenship usually the so-called Latin rights, which usually did lead to Roman citizenship.
很多城市獲得部分公民權通常是所謂的拉丁權利最終會獲得羅馬公民權
