評論
打印
The better off patricians could afford better weapons and could even afford to serve as cavalry.
裝備好的貴族能夠買得起更好的武器，甚至能作為騎兵出戰
No wonder the idealized picture of Roman life back in the days of the mos maiorum
難怪追隨祖先的道路時期羅馬生活的理想畫卷
included a pater familias, who went from the field to the battle field and back as needed.
包括家父制度家中的父親從土地到戰場然后根據需要，再回到土地上
One such Roman hero was the General Cincinnatus who was literally called from the fields to learn he had been elected dictator.
一位這樣的羅馬英雄是辛辛納圖斯將軍他被從土地上召回知道自己被選為獨裁官
The Romans also celebrated the equally heroic mother ho did her work and her absent husband's work while he was gone.
羅馬也慶祝了同樣英雄的母親她在丈夫離家時承擔自己和丈夫的工作
Since Rome's enemies in her earliest days
因為羅馬早期的敵人都是鄰邦
were Rome's neighbors, also agricultural societies,
它們也是農業社會
there was a gentlemen's agreement in effect that wars would start after the planting was done, and end in time to harvest the crops.
因此就有了一個君子約定播種之后開戰并且及時停戰，以收獲糧食
Military organization was just part of the Roman success.
軍事組織只是羅馬成功的一部分
We've seen that the Romans were fanatical about observing religious ritual.
我們看到羅馬人熱衷于宗教儀式
This fixation upon ritual was part of Roman warfare as well.
宗教儀式是羅馬戰爭的一部分
As shown by the ius fetialis and the concept of the just war.
就像ius fetialis和正義之戰的概念顯示的
The Romans believed that their deities would grant Roman victory,
羅馬人認為他們的神靈會確保羅馬獲勝
if and only if the Romans had been wronged,
當且僅當羅馬人被誣陷才會失敗
that is provided the Romans themselves didn't start the war.
也就是羅馬人不發動戰爭就會獲勝
The case for war had to be discussed openly by the Roman Senate
戰爭的情況應該由元老院進行公開討論
in the presence of the Roman people, meaning that all Roman citizens had at least some,
羅馬人要在場也就是說，至少羅馬公民
even if it was passive, part in the decision.
能參與決策，盡管是被動決定
Supposedly, Numa Pompilius himself, second king of Rome, established the way by which war was first declared, and then announced by hurling a spear into hostile territory.
可能努馬·龐皮利烏斯本人也就是羅馬第二位國王建立了發動戰爭的方式把矛投擲到對方領土上，宣布開始戰爭
If the hostile territory was too far away,
如果地方領土太遠的話
say in Carthage, a spear could be hurled into a special part of the forum,
例如在迦太基，那么矛就被投擲到廣場的特定區域
which had been reserved and labeled "hostile territory" for just this purpose.
這個地方被保留，標上地方領土，已達成這個目標
Fetial law or ius fetialis was a distinct and unique reflection of Roman religious scruples.
關于宣戰或外交談判的有關法律是羅馬宗教想法的獨特反映
On the other hand, even the most monstrous and greedy dictators like Hitler and Stalin in the last century have tried to present themselves as the aggrieved party, before unleashing what is clearly an aggressive war.
另一方面，甚至是最強大最殘暴的獨裁者如上世紀的希特勒和斯大林一定要把自己放在受害的一方之后才能發動侵略戰爭
The Roman army fought as well as it did in large part, because all but
羅馬軍隊戰斗在部分地區也戰斗
the poorest of Roman citizens had a personal stake in the army's success.
因為幾乎所有的貧困的羅馬公民和軍隊的勝利有利害關系
By 272 BC, Rome became master of all Italy.
公元前272年，羅馬控制了整個意大利
The Latin league was effectively broken up in 338 BC.
拉丁聯盟在公元前338年被破壞
Its cities had received Latin rights, which usually, but not always, led to full citizenship.
其中的城市得到了拉丁權利但是不總是會帶來完全的公民權
The Etruscan cities were not so much defeated as they were assimilated.
伊特魯利亞人的城市被攻擊的次數少于被吸收的次數
And they tended to receive full Roman citizenship as soon as they were taken over.
人們傾向于在被羅馬接管后獲得全部羅馬公民權
Many other Italian cities saw the writing on the wall and willingly allied themselves with the up and coming new Romans. But some held out.
很多其它的意大利城市看到墻上寫的內容愿意和即將到來的新羅馬人聯合起來但是一些人拒絕了
For example, the powerful mountain tribe called the Samnites.
例如，強大的山區部落名稱是薩謨奈人
