評(píng)論
打印
Before explaining how the Romans assimilated anthropomorphic ancient Greek deities,
在解釋羅馬人如何吸收擬人的古希臘神靈之前
I need to define two terms.
我需要定義兩個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)
First the word anthropomorphic means that these gods and goddesses basically look
第一個(gè)是anthropomorphic意思是這些神的外貌和行為
and behave like mortal men and mortal women,
和凡人看上去一樣
only they're more stronger, more beautiful and immortal.
只是神更強(qiáng)大更美麗，生命更長(zhǎng)
Belief in anthropomorphic deities usually becomes more common,
信仰擬人神靈通常變得更加普遍
as the civilization becomes more advanced.
以為文明越來(lái)越進(jìn)步
An anthropomorphic deity with a human appearance and human personality traits often seems easier to understand
擬人的神靈有人類的外表和人類的個(gè)性品質(zhì)這樣更容易理解
and easier to persuade than an animistic counterpart.
比萬(wàn)物有靈更容易為人接受
The animistic supreme god of the archaic Romans was Jupiter or shining father.
萬(wàn)物有靈論中，至高無(wú)上的羅馬神是朱庇特，或者閃亮的父親
Jupiter was quite literally a lightening bolt.
朱庇特字面上來(lái)看是閃電光速拳
He likes to strike oak tress, which became the official tree of this animistic god.
他喜歡捶橡樹(shù)后來(lái)變成了這位神的象征
Through a process called syncretism,
經(jīng)過(guò)合并
the Romans gradually adopted the Greek gods and goddesses usually in Etruscanized form.
羅馬人逐漸接受了伊特魯利亞形式的希臘神
Syncretism suggested that Jupiter basically
合并暗示著朱庇特
was equivalent to the Greek god Zeus, hurler of thunder bolts,
基本上等同于希臘的宙斯，雷神
the number one cause of pregnancy in ancient Greece.
他是古希臘令人懷孕最多的人
Through syncretism Jupiter's wife Juno became associated with Zeus's wife Hera.
整合后，朱庇特的妻子朱諾變成了宙斯的妻子赫拉
The Roman housecraft goddess Minerva
羅馬的家政女神密涅瓦
became associated with the Greek housecraft goddess Athena.
和希臘的家政女神雅典娜聯(lián)系起來(lái)
The sewer goddess Cloacina
下水道女神克羅阿西娜
became associated with the love goddess Venus.
變成了愛(ài)之女神維納斯
It's generally assumed that the funky Etruscans were also involved in this process,
通常認(rèn)為伊特魯利亞人參與了這個(gè)過(guò)程
as many Etruscan deities show both Greek deity's names
因?yàn)楹芏嘁撂佤斃麃喩耢`有希臘神靈的名字
and the Roman deity's personalities.
以及羅馬神靈的個(gè)性
Finally, the Roman anthropomorphic gods and goddesses made up a family
最后，羅馬擬人的神組成了一個(gè)家庭
ruled in the very best Roman sense
這個(gè)家庭在羅馬人看來(lái)很棒
by the great shining pater familias Jupiter, formerly a lightening bolt.
由朱庇特作為家父他之前是閃電光速拳
Unlike the major religions of the Roman world,
和羅馬世界中，的主要宗教不同
and certainly unlike the Judeo-Christian tradition,
和猶太基督教的傳統(tǒng)也不一樣
in which most, if not all, of us are brought up,
和我們成長(zhǎng)中接觸到的宗教不一樣
the ancient Roman deities didn't care at all about things like human morality or human actions.
古羅馬的神靈不在乎任何事情，例如人類的道德或者人類行為
The relationship between Romans and their deities
羅馬人和他們神靈之間的聯(lián)系
was not a spiritual bond, but a business contract.
不是精神聯(lián)系，而是商業(yè)合同
A Roman prayed for favor from a god or goddess,
羅馬人向神祈禱，要求幫忙
and offered to do the deity a favor,
并且提出為神做事作為交換
if and only if the deity provided a favor.
前提是神靈要先幫他的忙
In Latin, this was called do ut des, or I give so that you may give.
拉丁語(yǔ)稱之為do ut des我做你就要做
If the favor was granted, the Roman was expected to carry out his or her end of the bargain.
如果達(dá)成統(tǒng)一意見(jiàn)那么羅馬人就要實(shí)現(xiàn)這次交易
If the favor was not provided, the Roman was under no obligation to do anything.
如果沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)愿望羅馬人就沒(méi)有義務(wù)做什么
In the case of the official public rituals dating back to Rome's second king Numa Pompilius,
羅馬第二位國(guó)王努馬·龐皮利烏斯時(shí)期，舉辦官方的公共儀式
these rituals had to be performed exactly as handed down, or again the gods would be angry.
這些儀式一定要按照之前的方式進(jìn)行否則神靈就會(huì)發(fā)怒
The Pax Deorum or peace of the gods would be violated.
或者神的和平就會(huì)被違反
If there was any flaw in the ritual,
如果儀式中有任何紕漏
or the sacrificial animal made the wrong noise, or the priest mispronounced a phrase, or someone in the audience started laughing,
或者獻(xiàn)祭的動(dòng)物發(fā)出錯(cuò)誤的聲音、或者祭祀發(fā)錯(cuò)音了或者觀眾中有人笑出聲
the entire ritual had to be started again from scratch, a process called instalratio.
那么整個(gè)儀式就要重來(lái)一遍從頭開(kāi)始，這個(gè)過(guò)程被稱作instalratio。
