評論
打印
They could summon assemblies, could command armies and possessed imperium.
他們可以召集集會指揮軍隊以及擁有統治權
Two praetors, minimum age to serve, 40.
兩個司法官，最低執政年齡是40
Could conduct trials in the forum, could command armies, had imperium.
可以在廣場上進行審判只會軍隊，擁有統治權
Four aediles, minimum age to serve, 34.
行政官執政的最小年齡是34歲
Oversaw public works and put on public games at private expense.
監督公共事務自己拿錢舉辦公共游戲
10 quaestors, minimum age to serve 31.
10名財務官，最小執政年齡是31歲
Affiliated with the Roman treasury,
隸屬于羅馬國庫
and the election to quaestor carried with it automatic appointment to the Roman Senate.
和選舉財務官同時進行的是羅馬元老會成員的任命
Three other offices existed outside of the cursus honorum.
還有三名官員在一系列官職之外
10 tribunes or protectors of the plebeians.
有10名護民官以保護平民
They had to be completely of plebeian blood.
這些人一定要是純正的平民血統
They could veto anything that was going on anywhere,
他們可以否決
anytime in the Roman State by saying the Roman word for veto, which is veto.
元老會的所有事情他們的方法是說veto也就是禁止
And anyone who laid a finger on a tribune during his term of office
任何一個在任期內打護民官的人
was to be punished severely and immediately.
將會立即受到嚴厲的懲罰
Two censors were elected every 5 years from among the ex-consuls.
每五年要從前執政官中選舉監察官
They count, had a census or a counting of all citizens,
他們對全體人民進行人口普查
and they examines senators for morality.
檢查元老會成員的道德品行
Finally, there was the office of dictator.
最后還有獨裁官這個職位
The dictator was elected only in case of severe emergencies.
只有在發生緊急事件時才能允許選舉獨裁官
The dictator held office alone for no more than 6 months,
執政的時間不能超過六個月
and worked with an assistant called the master of horse.
同時，還有一名助手叫做御馬官
Once the dictator's term was over,
一旦獨裁官的任期到了
he was through, regardless of whether he had solved the problem or not.
無論他又沒有解決問題都要離職
Finally, the Romans had three official popular assemblies.
最后，羅馬還有三個著名的集會
In descending order of importance,
按照重要性降序排列，依次是
the Centuriate Assembly, which elected consuls and praetors.
百人團會議選舉執政官和司法官
The Tribal Assembly,
部落會議
which elected aediles and quaestors.
選舉市政官和財務官
And the Assembly of the People, which elected tribunes.
以及人民大會選舉護民官
Any of these three assemblies could and did pass laws, which were binding upon the Roman state.
這三個集會都可以通過法律這對羅馬有約束力
The fourth and most powerful assembly, the Senate,
第四個也是最有影響力的集會是元老會
otherwise known as the patras or fathers, was officially just an advisory body.
也被叫做patras或者父親元老會官方是顧問團
It could not supposedly pass binding laws.
不能通過絕對法
But the Senate's advice basically, according to the mos maiorum, had the force of Roman law.
但是元老會的建議基本上根據祖先的做法能夠執行羅馬法
In other words, the Senate had patria potestas,
換句話說，元老會對羅馬政府
the power of a father, over the Roman government.
有patria potestas也就是家父權
And what a Roman's father said was what a good Roman did.
羅馬父親所說的正是好的羅馬人所做的
Yet, another part of Rome's genius included its ability to move away from the mos maiorum, when it was clearly necessary.
但是，羅馬人的天才創意還包括在必要的時候遠離祖先的道路
The foundation of the republic supposedly in 509 BC was just the first example.
羅馬共和國于公元前509年建立這就是第一個例子
Another example is Rome's creation of its first written law code; the Code of 12 Tables,
還有一個例子是羅馬創造了第一步成文法十二銅表法
around 451 or 450 BC.
時間大約是在公元前451到450年附近
The plebeians had gotten fed up with how the patrician magistrates interpreted the laws, which had not yet been written down.
平民已經厭倦了審判官解釋法律這種方式之前的法律都沒有記錄下來
