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But work has ceased to be a moral and religious obligation in the sense of the middle class attitude of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Something new has emerged. Ever-increasing production, the drive to make bigger and better things, have become aims in themselves, new ideals. Work has become alienated from the working person.
但勞動已不再被人們以十八、十九世紀的中產階級的那種態度看作是一種道德和宗教上的義務。新的觀念產生了。不斷地提高生產，追求更大更、好地東西，這些本身已成了勞動的目的，成了新的理想。勞動與勞動者的關系開始異化了。
What happens to the industrial worker? He spends his best energy for seven or eight hours a day in producing "something." He needs his work in order to make a living, but his role is essentially a passive one. He fulfills a small isolated function in a complicated and highly organized process of production, and is never confronted with "his" product as a whole, at least not as a producer, but only as a consumer, provided he has the money to buy "his" product in a store. He is concerned neither with the whole product in its physical aspects nor with its wider economic and social aspects. He is put in a certain place, has to carry out a certain task, but does not participate in the organization or management of the work. He is not interested nor does he know why one produces this, instead of another commodity--what relation it has to the needs of society as a whole. The shoes, the cars, the electric bulbs, are produced by "the enterprise," using the machines. He is a part of the machine, rather than its master as an active agent. The machine, instead of being in his service to do work for him which once had to be performed by sheer physical energy, has become his master. Instead of the machine being the substitute for human energy, man has become a substitute for the machine. His work can be defined as the performance of acts which cannot yet be performedby machines.
產業工人的情況又如何呢?他一天要花七八個小時把自己最旺盛的精力用于生產"某種東西"。他需要勞動以求生計，但他在勞動過程中只扮演一個被動的角色。他只在一個復雜的、組織程度很高的生產過程中起一點很小的、孤立的作用，從來沒有機會接觸到"他的"產品的全貌，至少不能以生產者的身分，而只能以消費者的身分接觸到"他的"產品的全貌，即使這樣也還需要有一個前提條件，那就是，他得有足夠的錢從商店里購買"他所生產出的，，產品。無論對生產出來的完全的成品本身還是其更深遠的經濟意義和社會意義，他都不用關心。他被安置在一個固定的崗位上，去完成一定的工作任務，而對生產的組織與管理則概不參與。對于為什么要生產這一種產品而不生產另一種產品--該種產品與整個社會需求之間的關系如何，他是既不知曉，也無興趣知曉。鞋子、汽車、電燈泡等等都是由"工廠"用機器制造出來的。工人只是機器的一個組成部分，不是作為主動操縱者而成為機器的主人。機器不是在為他服務，替他去干過去要完全依靠體力去完成的工作，而是反過來成了他的主人。不是機器替代人力，而是人成了機器的替代物。人的工作被解釋為執行目前尚不能由機器完成的動作。
