In Western history, craftsmanship, especially as it developed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, constitutes one of the peaks in the evolution of creative work. Work was not only a useful activity, but one which carried with it a profound satisfaction. The main features of craftsmanship have been very lucidly expressed by C. W. Mills. "There is no ulterior motive in work other than the product being made and the processes of its creation. The details of dally work are meaningful because they are not detached in the worker's mind from the product of the work. The worker is free to control his own working action. The craftsman is thus able to learn from his work; and to use and develop his capacities and skills in its prosecution. There is no split of work and play, or work and culture. The craftsman' s way of livelihooddetermines and infuses his entire mode of living."
在西方歷史上，手工技藝，尤其是十三、十四世紀(jì)中發(fā)展起來(lái)的手工技藝構(gòu)成了人類創(chuàng)造性勞動(dòng)發(fā)展史上的一個(gè)頂峰。那時(shí)的勞動(dòng)不僅是一項(xiàng)有現(xiàn)實(shí)價(jià)值的活動(dòng)，而且是一項(xiàng)給人以巨大的滿足的活動(dòng)。有關(guān)手工技藝的主要特征，美國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家米爾斯曾作過(guò)清楚的說(shuō)明。他說(shuō)，"除了勞動(dòng)者對(duì)于被制造的產(chǎn)品和制造產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程本身的興趣之外，勞動(dòng)并無(wú)其他的深層動(dòng)機(jī)。日常工作的細(xì)枝末節(jié)之所以有意義，是因?yàn)樵趧趧?dòng)者的心目中，它們與勞動(dòng)的產(chǎn)品密不可分。勞動(dòng)者不受任何約束地主宰自己的勞動(dòng)行為。這樣，工匠藝人便能通過(guò)勞動(dòng)過(guò)程來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)勞動(dòng)技藝，并且在勞動(dòng)過(guò)程中應(yīng)用和提高自己的勞動(dòng)技藝。工作和娛樂、工作和文化活動(dòng)融為一體。工匠藝人的謀生手段決定并影響著其生活方式。"
With the collapse of the medieval structure, and the beginning of the modern mode of production, the meaning and function of work changed fundamentally, especially in the Protestantcountries. Man, being afraid of his newly won freedom, was obsessed by the need to subdue his doubts and fears by developing a feverish activity. The out-come of this activity, success or failure, decided his salvation, indicating whether he was among the saved or the lost souls.
隨著中世紀(jì)社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的瓦解和現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)方式的出現(xiàn)，勞動(dòng)的社會(huì)意義和作用發(fā)生了根本性的變化，這一變化在新教國(guó)家尤為顯著。人們對(duì)于自己新近獲得的自由感到害怕，而為了克服自己的疑懼，他就必須進(jìn)行某種狂熱的活動(dòng)。這種活動(dòng)的結(jié)果，或成或敗，就決定著他的命運(yùn)和靈魂的歸宿，標(biāo)志著他死后是將進(jìn)天堂還是入地獄。
來(lái)源:可可英語(yǔ) http://www.ccdyzl.cn/Article/201509/400680.shtml
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