評(píng)論
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Work, instead of being an activity satisfying in itself and pleasurable, became a duty and an obsession.
于是，勞動(dòng)便成了一種義務(wù)，一種煩惱，而不再是一種能使人滿足和愉快的活動(dòng)。
The more it was possible to gain riches by work, the more it became a pure means to the aim of wealth and success.
靠勞動(dòng)發(fā)財(cái)致富的可能性越大，勞動(dòng)就越發(fā)變成了一種純粹的升官發(fā)財(cái)?shù)氖侄巍?/div>
Work became, in Max Weber's terms, the chief factor in a system of "inner-worldly asceticism ," an answer to man's sense of aloneness and isolation.
用馬克斯·韋伯的話說(shuō)，勞動(dòng)已成為"內(nèi)心世界禁欲主義"思想體系中的一個(gè)主要因素，解決人們內(nèi)心的寂寞和孤獨(dú)感的一種辦法。
However, work in this sense existed only for the upper and middle classes, those who could amass some capital and employ the work of others.
不過(guò)，這種意義的勞動(dòng)也只是對(duì)于那些能夠積累一些資本并雇用他人勞動(dòng)的中、上層階級(jí)而言才存在的，
For the vast majority of those who had only their physical energy to sell, work became nothing but forced labor.
而對(duì)于那僅有勞動(dòng)力可供出賣(mài)的絕大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)，勞動(dòng)只不過(guò)是一種強(qiáng)迫勞役。
The worker in the eighteenth or nineteenth century who had to work sixteen hours if he did not want to starve was not doing it because he served the Lord in this way, nor because his success would show that he was among the "chosen " ones,
十八、十九世紀(jì)的工人，若是不想餓死，便得一天勞動(dòng)十六個(gè)小時(shí)。他這樣做，并不是要以此侍奉上帝，也不是為以工作上的成功來(lái)證明他屬于"上帝的選民"之列，
but because he was forced to sell his energy to those who had the means of exploiting it.
而是因?yàn)樗扔跓o(wú)奈，不得不向那些擁有剝削手段的人出賣(mài)自己的勞動(dòng)力。
The first centuries of the modern era find the meaning of work divided into that of duty among the middle class, and that of forced labor among those without property.
現(xiàn)代史開(kāi)初的幾個(gè)世紀(jì)中，勞動(dòng)的意義劃分為兩種：對(duì)于中產(chǎn)階級(jí)來(lái)說(shuō)是義務(wù)，而對(duì)于無(wú)產(chǎn)者來(lái)說(shuō)則是強(qiáng)迫勞役。
The religious attitude toward work as a duty, which was still so prevalent in the nineteenth century, has been changing considerably in the last decades.
視勞動(dòng)為一項(xiàng)義務(wù)的宗教觀念在十九世紀(jì)還十分流行，但最近幾十年來(lái)，這種宗教觀念正經(jīng)歷著重大的演變。
Modern man does not know what to do with himself, how to spend his lifetime meaningfully, and he is driven to work in order to avoid an unbearable boredom.
現(xiàn)代人不知道自己該做些什么，怎樣才能有意義地度過(guò)自己的一生，只是為了逃避無(wú)所事事所造成的寂寞無(wú)聊，才被迫去參加勞動(dòng)。
