評(píng)論
打印
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
那么，激素到底是怎樣影響衰老的速度呢？
How could that work?
原理是什么呢？
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
原來在daf-2變異體中
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
有大量的基因被轉(zhuǎn)變到DNA里面
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
蛋白質(zhì)編碼保護(hù)細(xì)胞和組織
and repair damage.
和修復(fù)損壞基因的功能
And the way that they're switched on
同時(shí)基因被轉(zhuǎn)變的途徑
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
是被一個(gè)基因調(diào)節(jié)器的蛋白質(zhì)叫FOXO
So in a daf-2 mutant --
所以在daf 2的變異體中
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
你可以看到這個(gè)X型繪制圖的受體
The receptor isn't working as well.
這個(gè)受體也運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得不怎么好
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
在這些條件下，藍(lán)顏色的FOXO蛋白質(zhì)
has gone into the nucleus --
已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到核心里面了
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
這個(gè)小小的隔室在細(xì)胞的最中間
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
同時(shí)也坐落在基因的粘合物上
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
你看到一個(gè)基因。這里有大量的基因?qū)嶋H上捆綁在FOXO上
And it's just sitting on one of them.
并且坐落在它們其中的一個(gè)上面
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
所以FOXO開啟著大量的基因
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
同時(shí)這些基因也開啟著抗氧化的基因
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
這些基因我稱呼它為胡蘿卜者基因
whose protein products
這些蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)物
actually help other proteins to function well --
實(shí)際上幫助其他的蛋白質(zhì)的機(jī)能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)順暢
to fold correctly and function correctly.
同時(shí)也幫助蛋白質(zhì)融合和運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)準(zhǔn)確
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
同時(shí)也給它們護(hù)航到細(xì)胞中的垃圾場(chǎng)
and recycle them if they're damaged.
并且回收被損壞的蛋白質(zhì)
DNA repair genes
DNA修復(fù)基因
are more active in these animals.
在這些動(dòng)物身上更活躍
And the immune system is more active.
免疫系統(tǒng)也更活躍
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
我們展示的許多這些不同基因
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
實(shí)際上都作用于daf 2變異體的延長(zhǎng)壽命
So it's really interesting.
所以這是很有趣的
These animals have within them
帶有這些基因的動(dòng)物
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
比起普通的有活得更久的潛力
They have the ability
它們有能力
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
保護(hù)自身免于很多的傷害
which we think makes them live longer.
我們認(rèn)為這使得它們活得更長(zhǎng)
So what about the normal worm?
那關(guān)于正常線蟲呢
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
當(dāng)daf-2受體是活躍的
then it triggers a series of events
它引發(fā)了一系列
that prevent FOXO
來阻止FOXO
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
進(jìn)入到DNA所處的中心
So it can't turn the genes on.
所以基因不能激活
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
這就是運(yùn)作的方式。也就是我們看不到延長(zhǎng)壽命的原因
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
除非有daf 2變異體
But what good is this for the worm?
但對(duì)線蟲來說有什么好處嗎
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
胰島素和IGF-1激素
are hormones that are particularly active
是特別活躍
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
在有利條件下--好的時(shí)機(jī)下--
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
當(dāng)食物是充足的，沒有很多壓力的環(huán)境下
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
然后它們促使?fàn)I養(yǎng)品的產(chǎn)生
You can store the food, use it for energy,
可以儲(chǔ)存食物，用它來補(bǔ)能量
grow, etc.
成長(zhǎng)等
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
但我們認(rèn)為在壓力條件下
the levels of these hormones drop --
這些激素水平會(huì)下降
for example, having limited food supply.
例如在有限的食物供給時(shí)
And that, we think,
我們認(rèn)為那
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
對(duì)于動(dòng)物而言是個(gè)危險(xiǎn)信號(hào)
a signal that things are not okay
預(yù)示什么不對(duì)頭
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
它們的保護(hù)功能就開啟了
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
所以它激活了FOXO，F(xiàn)OXO進(jìn)入DNA
and that triggers the expression of these genes
引發(fā)這些基因顯現(xiàn)
that improves the ability of the cell
來帶動(dòng)細(xì)胞能力
to protect itself and repair itself.
從而保護(hù)和修復(fù)自身
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
這是我們認(rèn)為動(dòng)物活長(zhǎng)久的原因
So you can think of FOXO
你可以想象FOXO
as being like a building superintendent.
為一個(gè)大樓的看門人
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
或許他有點(diǎn)懶
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
但他在那兒掌管著大樓
But it's deteriorating.
但這是不好的
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
突然，他了解到將有一場(chǎng)颶風(fēng)
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
所以他自己實(shí)際不做任何事
He gets on the telephone --
但他打起電話--
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
就像FOXO進(jìn)入到DNA--
and he calls up
他打電話給
the roofer, the window person,
修屋頂?shù)娜耍薮皯舻娜?/div>
the painter, the floor person.
油漆工，修地板的人
And they all come and they fortify the house.
他們都來了，加固了房屋。
And then the hurricane comes through,
然后颶風(fēng)穿過
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
房屋比起它原本的要更加穩(wěn)固
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
不但如此，它也可以很久矗立不倒
even if there isn't a hurricane.
甚至不是颶風(fēng)來臨
So that's the concept here
所以這的概念
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
就類似我們認(rèn)為生命延長(zhǎng)力的發(fā)生情形
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
關(guān)于FOXO真正有趣的
is that there are different forms of it.
是有不同種的FOXO
We all have FOXO genes,
我們大家都有FOXO基因
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
但我們不是完全擁有同一種FOXO基因
Just like we all have eyes,
如同我們都有眼睛
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
但有些人是藍(lán)色的眼睛，有些是棕色的
