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So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:
那么想想這3個我所談到的背景：
factory, migration, office.
工廠，移民，辦公室。
But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,
但這也可能在學校，在政府，
it could be a hospital.
也可能在醫院發生。
Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,
這3種背景下，如果我們只追隨到15年前，
if you just think back 15 years,
如果你僅回想15年前，
when you clocked in,
當你打卡上班，
when you clocked in to an office,
打卡到辦公室上班，
when you clocked in to a factory,
在工廠打卡上班，
there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,
在整個工作期間沒有任何聯系，
there was no contact with your private sphere.
與你的私人領域沒有任何聯系。
If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.
你要是很幸運，在走廊處或某處可以用一個公共電話。
If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.
你要是管理層，哦，那就是另一回事。
Maybe you had a direct line.
你可能會有直線電話。
If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.
如果你沒有直線電話，或許你必須通過一個操作員打電話。
But basically, when you walked into those buildings,
但基本上，當你進入這些建筑物后，
the private sphere was left behind you.
你就沒有了私人領域。
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,
這已成為我們職業生涯規范，
such a norm and such an expectation.
類似這樣的規范，這樣的期望。
And it had nothing to do with technical capability.
它與技術能力沒有任何關系。
The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there
手機就在那里。但是，一旦你進入到工作領域，所期望的是，
your commitment was fully to the task at hand,
你的義務就是全身心地完成手頭的任務，
fully to the people around you.
全身心服務于你身邊的人們。
That was where the focus had to be.
這就是要關注的事情。
And this has become such a cultural norm
這已成為一種文化規范，
that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.
它使得我們竟教育孩子們進行這種分離，不親密的轉變。
If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school
如果你想想托兒所，幼兒園，開學第一年
are just dedicated to take away the children,
僅僅一味地帶走孩子們，
to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
讓他們習慣遠離他們自己的家庭很長的時間。
And then the school enacts perfectly well.
然后學校扮演了非常完美的角色，
It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:
完全模仿所有在辦公室要發生的的規范儀式，
rituals of entry, rituals of exit,
進入的儀式，退出的儀式，
the schedules, the uniforms in this country,
時間表，在這個國家的制服，
things that identify you, team-building activities,
確定你身份的東西，團隊建設活動，
team building that will allow you to basically
團隊建設主要使你可以
be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people
與任何孩子們，或者隨機的一群人
that you will have to be with for a number of time.
相處一段時間。
And of course, the major thing:
當然，主要的事情：
learn to pay attention,
學會集中注意力，
to concentrate and focus your attention.
要集中精力，集中你的注意力。
This only started about 150 years ago.
這大概于150年前開始。
It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,
它（這種分離）隨著當代官僚
and of industrial revolution.
和工業革命的誕生而開始。
When people basically had to go somewhere else to work
當人們基本上要去別的地方工作
and carry out the work.
并開展工作。
And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,
隨著當代官僚，就有一個非常合理的方法，
where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere
那里有一個私人領域
and the public sphere.
和公共領域之間的明確區分。
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.
所以，到那時，基本上人們生活在他們各自行業。
They were living on top of the land they were laboring.
他們生活在他們耕耘的土地上。
They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.
他們生活在他們工作的車間。
And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,
如果你想想看，它（這種分離）就貫穿我們的整個文化，
even our cities.
甚至我們的城市。
If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs
如果你想想中世紀的城市，中世紀城市的市鎮，
all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.
居住在那里的各行各業都有名字。
Now we have sprawling residential suburbias
現在我們有廣闊的住宅郊區
that are well distinct from production areas
它很好地與生產區域
and commercial areas.
和商業領域分別開。
And actually, over these 150 years,
實際上，在這150年間，
there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.
有一個非常明確的階級制度也出現了。
So the lower the status of the job
因此，工作職責越低
and of the person carrying out, the more removed
和執行越低級工作的人，他越被剝奪
he would be from his personal sphere.
他的私人領域空間。
People have taken this amazing possibility
人們一整天或者在任何情況下
of actually being in contact all through the day
使用著這驚人的可以用來
or in all types of situations.
親密聯系的可能性交流。
And they are doing it massively.
然而他們大規模地聯系。
The Pew Institute, which produces good data
皮尤研究所，定期提供的良好數據表明，
on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,
例如，在美國，
says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --
我認為這個數據是保守的 -
50 percent of anybody with email access at work
百分之五十的人在工作中通過電子郵件，
is actually doing private email from his office.
實際上是從他的辦公室發私人電子郵件。
I really think that the number is conservative.
我的確認為這數據是保守的。
In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email
就我自己的研究，我認為私人電郵的高峰
is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.
實際上是早上的11點，不管什么國家。
75 percent of people admit doing private
百分之七十五的人們承認
conversations from work on their mobile phones.
在工作時用移動電話進行私人聊天。
100 percent are using text.
百分之百地使用短信。
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere
關鍵是這種私人領域的再興起
is not terribly successful with all institutions.
在所有機構并不是十分成功。
I'm always surprised the U.S. Army
我經常吃驚，美國陸軍
sociologists are discussing of the impact
社會學家討論著
for instance, of soldiers in Iraq
例如伊拉克的軍人們
having daily contact with their families.
與他們的家人們每天聯系的影響。
But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.
但是許多機構實際上正在阻止這樣的聯系。
And every day, every single day,
每一天，每一日，
I read news that makes me cringe,
我看到的新聞使我害怕，
like a $15 fine
例如
to kids in Texas,
針對于得克薩斯州的孩子們的15美元罰款，
for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.
就因為在學校他們每次拿出和使用他們的移動電話。
Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,
如果紐約的公共汽車司機被看到手拿有移動電話，
if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.
他就被立即解雇。
Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
公司禁止即時通訊和Facebook。
Behind issues of security and safety,
除了安全保護問題，
which have always been the arguments for social control,
一直有社交控制的輿論，
in fact what is going on is that
事實上要發生的是
these institutions are trying to decide
這些制度正決定著
who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,
到底誰有權自行決定該關注的事情，
to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.
去決定，是否它們應該，或者不應該，被孤立。
And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,
在某種意義上，它們實際中在試圖阻止
this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
這種更有可能的親密性運動。
