評(píng)論
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Even though about 25% of adults think that
有多達(dá)25%的成人認(rèn)為
they have an allergy,
他們有食物過敏癥
only 1 to 2% of adults and 5% of children
但是只有1%到2%的成人和5%的兒童
are truly affected.
確實(shí)有食物過敏癥
Determination of the exact prevalence of food allergies
對(duì)食物過敏癥患病率的測定
is complicated because there is considerable variation
非常復(fù)雜，因?yàn)樾枰占?/div>
in data collection.
數(shù)據(jù)非常多
Reports are based on self-reported questionnaires,
通常的報(bào)告包括自訴問卷
physician assessment, skin tests and/or IgE levels
醫(yī)師評(píng)估，皮膚測試和/或者
that are confirmed by double-blind placebo
由雙盲安慰劑控制的
controlled challenges.
IgE水平測試
However many do not distinguish between IgE
但是這其中的很多手段對(duì)IgE介導(dǎo)型
and non-IgE mediated responses.
和非IgE介導(dǎo)型反應(yīng)無法進(jìn)行區(qū)分
In general food allergy manifests most commonly
總體說來，食物過敏
in infancy peaking at 1 year of age
在不超過1周歲的嬰兒中最為常見
and diminishing by age three.
一般到3歲的時(shí)候會(huì)消失
Infants are more susceptible to food allergies
嬰兒更容易受食物過敏的影響
because they have a decreased number of enzymes
因?yàn)樗麄凅w內(nèi)存在的可以
to break down proteins, low antibody levels,
分解蛋白質(zhì)的酶數(shù)量較少，抗體水平低
relatively low pH and an immature gut barrier.
pH值較低以及腸道屏障不成熟
This chart from the Center of Disease Control
這張圖表來自疾病控制和預(yù)防中心
and Prevention shows the growing trend of
顯示的是對(duì)食物過敏報(bào)告的發(fā)展趨勢
reported allergies from an average of 2615 between,
1928到2000年年均報(bào)告2615例
each year, 1928 and 2000 to over 9500 each year
從2004到2006年間
between 2004 and 2006.
年均報(bào)告9500例
It is not well understood
目前這種增長趨勢的原因
why this increase has occurred.
尚無法解釋
There are several hypotheses about
對(duì)于食物過敏癥報(bào)告率的
the rising prevalence of food allergy.
增加的原因存在幾個(gè)假設(shè)
Development of an allergy depends on
過敏反應(yīng)的發(fā)生發(fā)展取決于
the structure of the protein, the dose of the antigen
蛋白質(zhì)的組成形式，抗原的劑量
and the genetic susceptibility of the host.
以及人體的遺傳易感性
Oral exposure to low doses of a protein may induce
口腔接觸低劑量的蛋白質(zhì)可能會(huì)
sensitization whereas high doses may
引起過敏，而高劑量
result in tolerance.
則可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致耐受性
This is pertinent to those who encounter accidental
這與無意間
exposures to the allergens in protein
接觸到了蛋白質(zhì)抗原有關(guān)
as it may be potentially harmful.
會(huì)有潛在的危害性
Conversely non-oral exposure may be
相反，非通過口腔接觸
a primary risk factor as damaged skin may
蛋白質(zhì)抗原可能更有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
allow increased exposure before tolerance has been
比如通過受傷的皮膚大量接觸
developed through oral ingestion.
而這個(gè)時(shí)候耐受性還沒有形成
Food allergy to peanuts is the most common
對(duì)花生的食物過敏是最常見的
but other foods such as milk, egg, tree nuts, fish,
但是對(duì)于一些人來說，牛奶，蛋類，干果
shellfish, wheat and soy are also known
魚類，貝類，小麥和大豆也可能會(huì)
to cause allergic reactions in some people.
引發(fā)過敏性反應(yīng)
The majority of this presentation will focus on
這里我們主要關(guān)注的是
the peanut allergy.
花生過敏
It has been shown that many individuals
研究結(jié)果已經(jīng)表明，有很多人
may have developed sensitization to peanuts
對(duì)花生都會(huì)出現(xiàn)敏感反應(yīng)
but only 95% of those are diagnosed
但是只有95%會(huì)被
as clinically allergic.
臨床診斷為食物過敏
Peanut allergy has attracted the most attention
由于花生的普遍性
because it is relatively common,
以及過敏反應(yīng)的長期性和嚴(yán)重性
typically permanent and often severe.
花生過敏最為引人關(guān)注
It has significantly increased globally
在過去的十年中，花生過敏在全球范圍內(nèi)
in the past decade and is now 2 to 3 times
都出現(xiàn)了增長趨勢，現(xiàn)在花生過敏的
more common than other food allergies.
普遍性已經(jīng)是其他食物過敏的2到3倍
One common cause attributed to the increase
這其中的一個(gè)原因
in this particular allergy and for the rise
從總體上
in allergy incidences in general
來說
is the hygiene hypothesis.
是衛(wèi)生假設(shè)
The hygiene hypothesis originated from
這種假設(shè)起源于
epidemiological observations relating exposure
流行病學(xué)中與過敏風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較小的
to other children to a reduced risk of allergy.
兒童的接觸的觀察
It has been hypothesized that our society's knack
內(nèi)容為假設(shè)我們的社會(huì)
for cleanliness has attributed to the rise
越來越干凈
in food allergies.
這就是食物過敏癥增多的原因
Studies from many countries show
很多國家的研究表明
that early exposure of viral infections may
如果一個(gè)人很早就受到病毒性感染
produce a proactive effect against the sensitization
那么他可以形成對(duì)抗原敏感的對(duì)抗能力
of allergens and others conclude that
另一項(xiàng)研究表明
babies born into families with many children
在有多個(gè)孩子的家庭中出生的孩子
are less inclined to develop allergies.
更不易出現(xiàn)過敏
