評論
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1. Just asexercise strengthensthe heart and lungs,bones andmuscles,itmay alsopower upthe brain.A succession ofscientificstudies of animals suggeststhatphysical activityhas a positive effecton mentalfunctioning.
1、正如（just as）運動能強心、健肺、固骨、壯肌一樣（strengthen 加強；鞏固），運動也能健腦（power up 加電）（主語it，即是從句中的exercise）。對動物的一系列（a successionof）科學研究（這一大串主語是單數）表明(suggests)，體育活動對智力的發揮（on mental functioning）有積極作用（that引導賓語從句）。
2. “It’s clearthatthebrainbenefitsfromexercise，”says brain scientistWilliam Greenoughof the Universityof Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Hisstudies with ratshavedemonstratedtwo primary effects ofactivity: vigorous physical exerciseprovidesthe brainwithmore fuel, andskill-basedexerciseincreasesthe formation of connectionsin the brain,which,according tothe proposals ofsome scientists，may make thebrain better able to process information.
2、伊利諾伊大學香檳分校的腦科學家威廉•格里諾(WG)說，“很明顯，運動使大腦受益(benefit from)?！?strong>(it是形式主語，真正的主語是thebrain benefits from exercise)他對老鼠的研究已經表明(demonstrated)運動具有兩大功效：(1)運動量大的體育運動給大腦提供更多的動力（provide with 供給），(2)而技巧性的運動則增強大腦神經的聯結。依照某些科學家的見解，這種聯結能使大腦更好地處理信息(which引導的非限制性定語從句，修飾the formation of connections，which是從句的主語)。
3. In one experiment, laboratory rats wereseparatedintothree groups. One group wasexercisedbyrunning inside an automatic wheel, a second group improved their skillsin a complicated obstacle course，and a third group wasinactive.
3、在一個實驗中，實驗鼠被分成三組（separate into 把…分成）：第一組在自動輪中跑動，第二組通過一種復雜的越障訓練來提高技能，第三組則不做任何運動。
4. “The animalsthatlearned to go through the obstacle course exhibiteda greater number of brain connectionsthanthe animalsin the exercised or inactive groups，” Greenough said，“In contrast, the animalsthatexercised inside the automatic wheel possesseda greater density of blood vessels in the brainthan dideither of the other two groupsof animals.”
4、“與跑動的和不運動的老鼠相比，經過越障訓練的老鼠腦神經聯結數更多。”（exhibit vt. 顯示；that引導定語從句）格里諾說，“相比之下（in contrast），在自動輪中跑動的老鼠比其他兩組的老鼠之一，其大腦的血管密度更大。”(possess vt. 擁有，具有；bloodvessels 血管；did可能用于強調)
5.Learninganew dance stepmay boostthe brainin the same waythatlearninga languagecan, he says. Andifthedance is a good physical exerciseaswell, the benefits multiply. Young brainsmay be especially able toboost brain power through exercise,suggestedanother of Greenough’ s experimentsthatshowedthe most significant changes in the brainoccurredamong ratsthathad been exercised whenvery young. Andwhileanimalsaren’t people, he saysit is logical to make the inferencethatan effectfoundin ratsmay alsoapplytohumans.
5、他說，學習一種新的舞步和學習一種語言一樣（in the same way 同樣地），都能促進大腦發展(boost vt. 促進)。如果這種舞蹈還是（as well）一種良好的體育運動，則益處加倍(multiply vi.)。據格里諾的另一組實驗顯示（suggested another of Greenough’ s experiments），年輕的大腦尤其(especially)能夠通過運動來增強能力。這組實驗（that引導定語從句，在從句中做主語，指“這組實驗”）表明，從小就鍛煉的（that had been exercised when veryyoung中that引導的定語從句修飾rats）老鼠，其大腦的變化最為顯著（或譯為：這組實驗表明，大腦的最顯著變化（the most significant changes）是在從小就鍛煉的老鼠中間產生的）。他說盡管(while)動物不是人，但依此推斷(make theinference)(that引導的定語從句修飾the inference)在老鼠身上發現的（found in rats，過去分詞作定語）功效同樣適用于（apply to）人也合乎邏輯。(或譯為：他說，盡管動物不是人，但在老鼠身上發現的功效同樣適用于人的推斷是合乎邏輯的。)
6.Human studieshavefocusedprimarilyonolder adults and suggestthatregular exercise can improve thespeedwith whichthe brainprocesses information. Measurementsmadeby Arthur Kramer at the University of Illinois demonstratethatinactive adults，aged 63 to 82, could hit buttonsfesterin response toa toneafterthey wentthrougha 10-week water exercise course.Acorrespondingcontrol groupthat didn’t exercise showedno improvement.
6、對人類的研究主要集中在老年人身上(focus on 集中于)，其結果表明(that 引導賓語從句)，經常鍛煉能提高大腦處理信息的速度（with which引導定語從句，修飾the speed）。伊利諾伊大學阿瑟•克雷默測量的結果證明(made by Arthur Kramer atthe University of Illinois過去分詞作定語，修飾measurements)，63至82 歲的不運動的成年人，在完成為期十周的水上運動課程之后，聽音擊鍵的反應加快了(in responseto 響應；對…有反應)。而另一組相應的、未經鍛煉的受控人群則不見任何提高。
7. This boostin reaction timeafterexercise trainingmayoccurbecausedeclinesassociated withgettingoldcould actually stem from declinesin physical condition. Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental functionoften attributedtogetting oldmay really be penalty ofneglecting to stayphysically active,in addition torelatedfactorssuch asmedicines andpoor diet.
7、接受運動訓練之后，人的反應速度會加快，這可能是因為與衰老有關的(associated withgetting old過去分詞作定語，修飾declines)機能衰退實際上根源于(actually stem from)體質下降(兩個declines都是名詞，第一個declines是原因狀語從句的主語，第二個是賓語)。一些科學家推測(speculate)，除了如（such as）藥物作用和飲食不當（poor diet）等相關因素外(in additionto 除…之外)，常常被歸咎于（過去分詞attributed to getting old作定語，修飾the reductionin mental function）衰老而導致的大腦功能下降實際可能是對不注意保持體育運動的(neglecting tostay physically active; neglect n. & vt. 疏忽，忽視；stay vt. 堅持)一種懲罰(may reallybe penalty of; penalty n. 處罰；罰款)。
8. “In older people, an exercise programappearsimportant forbrain maintenance，” says DanielM. Landers, professor of exercise scienceatArizona State University,whorecently published an articlereviewingthe scientific literature on activity’s effect on the brain.
8、亞利桑那州立大學的運動學教授丹尼爾•蘭德斯說，“對老年人來說，鍛煉計劃對維持大腦功能顯得(appears)非常重要。”他最近發表了一篇文章，回顧并評述了有關運動對大腦的影響的科學文獻(現在分詞reviewing詞組作定語，修飾an article)。
9. Numerous studies showthatchildrenwhoengage inregularphysical activitydo betterin schoolthantheir inactive classmates. Butuntil recently, the academic edgegained by participating in sportswas thought tocome fromtheincreasedself-confidence,the better moodandthe ability to concentrate that comesfrom burning off steam in exercise. Now, however, some scientistshave revisedtheir way ofthinking, andpoint topossible physical connections.
9、許多研究表明，經常進行體育鍛煉(who engage inregularphysical activity；由who引導的定語從句，修飾children)的孩子，在學業上（in school）比他們那些不活動的同學優秀。但直到最近，人們還認為（was thought to）因參加體育運動而獲得(gained byparticipating in sports 過去分詞作定語，修飾the academicedge; gain by 通過…獲得; participatein 參加，參與)的學業優勢（the academic edge）來自于(come from)增強的自信(theincreasedself-confidence)、更好的心態，以及由運動時消耗體力所帶來（that comesfrom burning off steam in exercise定語從句，修飾concentrate）的集中注意力的能力(ability to 有…的能力)。而現在，一些科學家修正了(revised)他們的看法，表示這可能與體育運動促進神經聯結有關。
10.Pierce J. Howard, another expert,saysnew researchindicatesthatphysical exerciseincreasesthe amount ofcertain brainchemicalsthat stimulate growth ofnerve cells.Consequently, the brains of peoplewho exercisemay be betterequippedto tackle mental challenges.
10、另一名專家皮爾斯·J·霍華德說，新的研究表明（indicates），體育鍛煉提高了大腦中激發神經細胞生長(that stimulate growth ofnerve cells定語從句，修飾the amount of certainbrain chemicals)的某些腦化學物質的含量。(第一個that引導賓語從句，physicalexercise是從句的主語。)因此，那些進行鍛煉(who exercise定語從句，修飾the brains of people)的人的大腦可能更有能力(may be betterequipped;equip vt.裝備，配備)應付各種智力挑戰(to tackle mentalchallenges不定式作賓語)。
11.Inactivitymay also havenegative effects onmind and bodyalike. “Scientists recognizethatmind is body, and body is mind, “ commentsHoward. The mostbeneficialforms of exercise, he says,engageboth.
11、不活動對大腦和身體都可能有負面影響(negative effects)。“科學家們都認識到(recognize)，心即是身，身即是心，”霍華德評價道(commentvi. 發表評論)。他說，最有益的運動形式是身心兼顧（engagevt. 使參加；使從事于）。
