1.We’d like to sharesome of thepositive meaningslove has for us.
1、我們想與大家一起分享我們對愛的一些積極看法。(love has forus是定語從句,修飾some of thepositive meanings一些積極意義;would like todo sth. 想要做某事)
2. Love meansthatI know the personI love. I’m aware ofthe many sidesofthe other person-not justthe beautiful sidebut alsothelimitations,inconsistenciesand faults. Ihave an awareness ofthe other’sfeelings and thoughts, and Iexperiencesomething of the core of that person. I canpenetratesocial masks and roles and see the other personon a deeper level.
2、愛就意味著了解所愛之人。能夠認識到(be aware of 知道)這個人的各個方面——不僅僅(not just)是美好的一面,還有(but also)他的局限、他的矛盾之處(inconsistencies是inconsistency復數(shù)形式)、他的缺點。要看到這個人的情感和思想,要感受他的內(nèi)心世界。要能夠透過(penetrate)他在社交場合的表現(xiàn)(social marks 社會面具)和他的社會角色(roles)而看到他的內(nèi)心深處(on a deeper level 在更深層次上;直譯:從更深層面上了解這個人)。(本段中出現(xiàn)的the person,the other person, that person都在講“所愛之人”)
3. Love meansthatI care about the welfare of thepersonI love.To the extent thatit is genuine, my caringisnotpossessive, nordoesithold the otherperson back.On the contrary,my caringfreesboth of us.IfIcare aboutyou, I’m concerned aboutyour growth,and I hopeyou will become allthat you can become.Consequently, I don’t put upobstacles towhatyou dothatenhancesyou as a person,even thoughit mayresult inmydiscomfortat times.
3、愛就意味著關(guān)心所愛之人的幸福(welfare = happiness)。真正的愛不是占有(not possessive),也不是束縛(nor does ithold the other person back 是由nor引導的“倒裝句”,助動詞does要置于主語之前)(to theextent that 就…來說;genuine adj. 真實的,真正的;誠懇的;hold back 阻止;抑制)。相反(on the contrary),兩人都在愛中得到自由。關(guān)心(care about)一個人就是關(guān)心(be concerned about)他的成長,希望他可以盡其所能有所成就(that you can become 作定語,修飾all)。因此(consequently),我不會為他的個人發(fā)展(what you do that enhances you as aperson; enhance vt. 提高;加強)設置障礙(obstacle to 對…的障礙;后跟名詞、名詞性詞組或句子,作定語),即使(even though)有時(at times)這樣會給我帶來不便(result in my discomfort)。
4. Love meanshavingrespect forthe dignity of the personI love.IfI love you, I canseeyouas a separate person, with your own values and thoughts andfeelings, and I do notinsist that(引導賓語從句)you surrenderyour identityto match an image of what I expectyou to befor me. I canallowandencourageyou to stand aloneand to bewho you are, and Iavoid treatingyou as anobjector usingyou primarilyto satisfy my own needs.
4、愛就意味著尊重所愛之人的尊嚴。(mean +句子或動名詞; haverespect for 尊敬; dignity n. 尊嚴;高貴)愛一個人,就是將其視作一個獨立的(separate adj.)人,有他自己的價值觀、思想和感情。我不會為了自己而堅持(insist)要他放棄個性(surrender your identity)來變成我所希望的他(to match animage of what I expect you to be,不定式作目的狀語)。我能允許并鼓勵他與眾不同(to stand alone),成為他自己(to be who you are)。我不會視他如物,或利用它來滿足自己的需要。(allow andencourageto do sth. 不定式作賓語;avoiddoingsth. 動名詞作賓語)
5. Love meanshaving aresponsibilitytoward the person I love. If I loveyou, Irespond tomost of your major needsas aperson. This responsibility does not includemy doing for youwhatyou are capable of doing for yourself; nor doesit mean that I run your life for you.Instead, it meansacknowledgingthatwhat I am and what I doaffects you,so thatIamdirectly involved inyour happiness and your suffering. A loverdoeshave the capacity tohurt or ignorethe loved one, andinthis sensewe seethatloveinvolvesan acceptance ofsomeresponsibility forthe impactmy way of being has on you.
5、愛就意味著對所愛之人負責(responsibility n.責任;義務)。愛一個人,就要對他作為獨立的個體的需求做出回應(respond to 響應;對…反應,后接名詞或名詞性詞組)。這種負責不包括你要為他做“他可以自己做的事情”(what you arecapable of doing for yourself; be capable of v. 能夠;有能力),也不是操縱他的生活(nor does itmean that I run your life for you是由nor引導的“倒裝句”,助動詞does要置于主語之前)。相反(instead),這種負責是承認(acknowledgevt.)我的所作所為(what I am andwhat I do)會影響到他(that 引導賓語從句,what I am and what I do 是賓語從句中的主語),因此,他的歡樂和痛苦都與我休戚相關(guān)(be involved in 涉及到…;包括…中)。相愛著的人有時真的(does 加強語氣)會傷害或忽略對方(have the capacity to 有…能力;the loved one 中的loved是過去分詞作定語),所以,我們知道,愛就是要為自己的行為對對方產(chǎn)生的影響(the impact my way ofbeinghas on you; my way of being has on you 是定語從句,修飾the impact )承擔某種責任。(這里I是“付出愛”的一方,you是“被愛”的一方。)
6. Love meansmaking a commitmentto theperson I love. Thiscommitmentdoes not meansurrenderingour totalselvesto each other; nor doesitimply thattherelationship is necessarilypermanent.Itdoesinvolve a willingnessto stay witheach otherin times ofpain, struggle, anddespair,as well asin times of calm and enjoyment.
6、愛就意味著對所愛之人做出承諾(make acommitment)。這種承諾并非意味著完全把自己交給對方(surrender to 屈服;selves n. 自己,自我,是self的復數(shù);可譯為:這種承諾并非意味著要完全屈服于彼此),也不是意味著(imply; that 引導賓語從句)這一關(guān)系一定要永遠不變(necessarily adj. 必定地; permanentadj. 永久的) (nor does itimply that the relationship is necessarily permanent是由nor引導的“倒裝句”,助動詞does要置于主語之前)。這種承諾真的(does加強語氣)意味著不論在艱難困苦、失意絕望時,還是(as well as)在恬適歡樂時,都愿意廝守相伴(willingnessn. 心甘情愿;意愿;stay with 同…住在一起;不定式to stay with 作定語,修飾a willingness;in times of 在…的時候;despair n. 絕望)。
7. Love meanstrustingthe person I love. If I love you,I trustthatyouwillacceptmy caring andmy loveand thatyouwon’tdeliberately hurt me. I trustthatyouwillfind me attractive,and thatyouwon’tabandon me; I trustthemutualnature of our love.Ifwe trust eachother, weare willing tobe open toeach other and reveal our true selves.
7、愛就意味著信賴所愛之人。愛一個人,就要相信他會接受我的關(guān)心, 接受我的愛,相信他不會故意地(deliberatelyadv.)傷害我;相信自己對他有吸引力,相信他不會拋棄(abandon vt.)我;相信愛是相互的(mutual adj. 共同的;相互的)。如果我們彼此信賴,我們就愿彼此開誠布公,敞開心扉(be willing to do sth.愿意;be open to 對…開放;reveal vt. 顯示;透露)。
8. Love cantolerateimperfection. In a loverelationshipthere are timeswhenI am bored,times whenI mayfeel likegiving up,times of realstrain, and times I feel I can’tmove forward. Authenticlove does not implyenduringhappiness. I can stayduringrough times, however,becauseI can rememberwhat we had togetherin the past,and I canpicturewhat we will have together inour futureifwe careenough toface our problemsandworkthem through. Weagree withthe ideathatlove is a spiritthatchanges life. Love isa way of lifethatiscreativeandthattransforms. However, loveisnot reservedfora perfectworld. Loveis meant forourimperfect worldwhere things go wrong.Loveis meant tobe a spiritthatworksin painful situations.Loveis meant tobringmeaning into lifewhere nonsenseappears to rule. In other words, love comes into an imperfect worldto make it possible to live.
8、愛能夠容忍不完美。愛人之間有時會感到厭煩(when引導的定語從句修飾times; 以下同為此用法),有時會想放棄(fell like doing sth.),有時感到壓力,有時感到羈絆(move forward 向前移動;向前發(fā)展)。真正的(authentic adj.)愛并不意味著永遠幸福(enduring adj.持久的)。但是,在困難(rough adj. 艱苦的)時期我能堅守(stay vi.),因為我仍記得我們共同度過的往昔,我也能想象(picture vt.),如果我們愿意(enough to do sth. 足夠…去做)直面問題,渡過難關(guān)(work them through),我們將共同擁有什么樣的未來。我們一致認為(agree with 和…意見一致)愛是一種精神,這種精神能改變?nèi)松?strong>(第一個that引導的定語從句修飾the idea,第二個that引導的定語從句修飾a spirit)。愛是一種生活方式,它具有創(chuàng)造和改變的力量(that…and that…引導的定語從句修飾a way of life)。但是愛并不只是完美世界所獨有(be reservedfor 留作),愛本來就是為我們這個不完美、有缺陷的(where things go wrong)世界而存在的(be meant for 注定成為;where 引導的定語從句修飾our imperfectworld;go wrong 弄錯;出毛病)。愛應該是一種能緩解痛苦的精神力量(be meant to 應該是;必須;that引導定語從句,修飾a sprite;可直譯:愛是一種精神,這種精神于苦痛之中發(fā)揮著作用(work))。愛應該給我們這充滿荒謬(where nonsense appears to rule,where引導的定語從句修飾life)的生活帶來意義(meaning)(bring into v. 使開始;使進入某種狀態(tài))。換言之(in other words),是愛使我們在這個不完美的世界上生活下去(make itpossible to do sth. 使做某事成為可能)。
9. Love isopen. If I love you, I encourage youtoreach outand develop other relationships. Althoughour love for each otherandour commitment to each othermight prohibitcertainactionson our parts,weare nottotallyandexclusivelymarried to each other. It is a false lovethatcementsone personto anotherin such a waythathe or sheis not given roomto grow.
9、愛是大方的。愛一個人,就要鼓勵(encourage)其與他人建立聯(lián)系(reach out 伸出)。盡管對彼此的愛與承諾不允許(prohibit vt. 阻止,禁止)我們有某些行為,這種結(jié)合也不是全然排他的(totally and exclusively)(be married to嫁給某人,娶某人;與…結(jié)婚)。兩個人密不可分(cement vt. 鞏固;接合),再無其他發(fā)展的空間(give room 讓開;騰地方),這樣的愛是不明智的。
10. Love isselfish. I canonlylove youifIgenuinelylove, value,appreciate,andrespectmyself.IfI am empty, thenallI can give youis my emptiness.IfI feelthatI’m complete andworthwhilein myself, then I’m able togive to youout of myfullness.One of the best ways for me to give you loveis byfollyenjoying myself with you.
10、愛又是自私的。如果我真正(genuinely)自愛、自重、自賞、自尊,才能(can only)愛別人。如果我空虛,那么我能給所愛之人的全部(all I can give you)也只有空虛(emptiness)(all 是句子的主語,I can give you是all的定語)。如果我覺得自己是完滿的、出色的(worthwhile adj. 值得做的;值得的),那么我就能以自己的充實(out of my fullness)為所愛之人增光(give to 給予;贈給)(網(wǎng)上直譯:假如我覺得自己充實完整并活得有價值,那么我也能給予你的就是充實完整)。表達愛的最好方法之一就是與所愛之人一起充分體驗自己(直譯:表達“我愛你”的最好方法之一就是和所愛的人一起做傻事)。
11. Loveinvolvesseeingthe potentialwithinthe personwe love. In mylove for another, I viewher or him asthe personshe orhe can become,whilestillacceptingwho and whattheperson isnow. By takingpeople as they are, wemake themworse, but by treating them as if they already werewhat they ought to be, wehelpmakethembetter.
11、愛就要看到所愛之人的內(nèi)在潛力(we love 作the person的定語)。愛他/她,就要接受今日之所作所為(accepting whoand what the person is now),也要視其所能為(she or he can become 作the person的定語;view…as…認為…是…;把…看作…)。視人靜止不變(take as 把…看作是…),則令其退步(make the worse),待他如同他的潛力已經(jīng)發(fā)揮(treat… as if 把…看作好似…),則助其進步(help make them better;help 使役動詞,后跟不帶to的不定式)
1.We’d like to sharesome of thepositive meaningslove has for us.
1、我們想與大家一起分享我們對愛的一些積極看法。(love has forus是定語從句,修飾some of thepositive meanings一些積極意義;would like todo sth. 想要做某事)
2. Love meansthatI know the personI love. I’m aware ofthe many sidesofthe other person-not justthe beautiful sidebut alsothelimitations,inconsistenciesand faults. Ihave an awareness ofthe other’sfeelings and thoughts, and Iexperiencesomething of the core of that person. I canpenetratesocial masks and roles and see the other personon a deeper level.
2、愛就意味著了解所愛之人。能夠認識到(be aware of 知道)這個人的各個方面——不僅僅(not just)是美好的一面,還有(but also)他的局限、他的矛盾之處(inconsistencies是inconsistency復數(shù)形式)、他的缺點。要看到這個人的情感和思想,要感受他的內(nèi)心世界。要能夠透過(penetrate)他在社交場合的表現(xiàn)(social marks 社會面具)和他的社會角色(roles)而看到他的內(nèi)心深處(on a deeper level 在更深層次上;直譯:從更深層面上了解這個人)。(本段中出現(xiàn)的the person,the other person, that person都在講“所愛之人”)
3. Love meansthatI care about the welfare of thepersonI love.To the extent thatit is genuine, my caringisnotpossessive, nordoesithold the otherperson back.On the contrary,my caringfreesboth of us.IfIcare aboutyou, I’m concerned aboutyour growth,and I hopeyou will become allthat you can become.Consequently, I don’t put upobstacles towhatyou dothatenhancesyou as a person,even thoughit mayresult inmydiscomfortat times.
3、愛就意味著關(guān)心所愛之人的幸福(welfare = happiness)。真正的愛不是占有(not possessive),也不是束縛(nor does ithold the other person back 是由nor引導的“倒裝句”,助動詞does要置于主語之前)(to theextent that 就…來說;genuine adj. 真實的,真正的;誠懇的;hold back 阻止;抑制)。相反(on the contrary),兩人都在愛中得到自由。關(guān)心(care about)一個人就是關(guān)心(be concerned about)他的成長,希望他可以盡其所能有所成就(that you can become 作定語,修飾all)。因此(consequently),我不會為他的個人發(fā)展(what you do that enhances you as aperson; enhance vt. 提高;加強)設置障礙(obstacle to 對…的障礙;后跟名詞、名詞性詞組或句子,作定語),即使(even though)有時(at times)這樣會給我帶來不便(result in my discomfort)。
4. Love meanshavingrespect forthe dignity of the personI love.IfI love you, I canseeyouas a separate person, with your own values and thoughts andfeelings, and I do notinsist that(引導賓語從句)you surrenderyour identityto match an image of what I expectyou to befor me. I canallowandencourageyou to stand aloneand to bewho you are, and Iavoid treatingyou as anobjector usingyou primarilyto satisfy my own needs.
4、愛就意味著尊重所愛之人的尊嚴。(mean +句子或動名詞; haverespect for 尊敬; dignity n. 尊嚴;高貴)愛一個人,就是將其視作一個獨立的(separate adj.)人,有他自己的價值觀、思想和感情。我不會為了自己而堅持(insist)要他放棄個性(surrender your identity)來變成我所希望的他(to match animage of what I expect you to be,不定式作目的狀語)。我能允許并鼓勵他與眾不同(to stand alone),成為他自己(to be who you are)。我不會視他如物,或利用它來滿足自己的需要。(allow andencourageto do sth. 不定式作賓語;avoiddoingsth. 動名詞作賓語)
5. Love meanshaving aresponsibilitytoward the person I love. If I loveyou, Irespond tomost of your major needsas aperson. This responsibility does not includemy doing for youwhatyou are capable of doing for yourself; nor doesit mean that I run your life for you.Instead, it meansacknowledgingthatwhat I am and what I doaffects you,so thatIamdirectly involved inyour happiness and your suffering. A loverdoeshave the capacity tohurt or ignorethe loved one, andinthis sensewe seethatloveinvolvesan acceptance ofsomeresponsibility forthe impactmy way of being has on you.
5、愛就意味著對所愛之人負責(responsibility n.責任;義務)。愛一個人,就要對他作為獨立的個體的需求做出回應(respond to 響應;對…反應,后接名詞或名詞性詞組)。這種負責不包括你要為他做“他可以自己做的事情”(what you arecapable of doing for yourself; be capable of v. 能夠;有能力),也不是操縱他的生活(nor does itmean that I run your life for you是由nor引導的“倒裝句”,助動詞does要置于主語之前)。相反(instead),這種負責是承認(acknowledgevt.)我的所作所為(what I am andwhat I do)會影響到他(that 引導賓語從句,what I am and what I do 是賓語從句中的主語),因此,他的歡樂和痛苦都與我休戚相關(guān)(be involved in 涉及到…;包括…中)。相愛著的人有時真的(does 加強語氣)會傷害或忽略對方(have the capacity to 有…能力;the loved one 中的loved是過去分詞作定語),所以,我們知道,愛就是要為自己的行為對對方產(chǎn)生的影響(the impact my way ofbeinghas on you; my way of being has on you 是定語從句,修飾the impact )承擔某種責任。(這里I是“付出愛”的一方,you是“被愛”的一方。)
6. Love meansmaking a commitmentto theperson I love. Thiscommitmentdoes not meansurrenderingour totalselvesto each other; nor doesitimply thattherelationship is necessarilypermanent.Itdoesinvolve a willingnessto stay witheach otherin times ofpain, struggle, anddespair,as well asin times of calm and enjoyment.
6、愛就意味著對所愛之人做出承諾(make acommitment)。這種承諾并非意味著完全把自己交給對方(surrender to 屈服;selves n. 自己,自我,是self的復數(shù);可譯為:這種承諾并非意味著要完全屈服于彼此),也不是意味著(imply; that 引導賓語從句)這一關(guān)系一定要永遠不變(necessarily adj. 必定地; permanentadj. 永久的) (nor does itimply that the relationship is necessarily permanent是由nor引導的“倒裝句”,助動詞does要置于主語之前)。這種承諾真的(does加強語氣)意味著不論在艱難困苦、失意絕望時,還是(as well as)在恬適歡樂時,都愿意廝守相伴(willingnessn. 心甘情愿;意愿;stay with 同…住在一起;不定式to stay with 作定語,修飾a willingness;in times of 在…的時候;despair n. 絕望)。
7. Love meanstrustingthe person I love. If I love you,I trustthatyouwillacceptmy caring andmy loveand thatyouwon’tdeliberately hurt me. I trustthatyouwillfind me attractive,and thatyouwon’tabandon me; I trustthemutualnature of our love.Ifwe trust eachother, weare willing tobe open toeach other and reveal our true selves.
7、愛就意味著信賴所愛之人。愛一個人,就要相信他會接受我的關(guān)心, 接受我的愛,相信他不會故意地(deliberatelyadv.)傷害我;相信自己對他有吸引力,相信他不會拋棄(abandon vt.)我;相信愛是相互的(mutual adj. 共同的;相互的)。如果我們彼此信賴,我們就愿彼此開誠布公,敞開心扉(be willing to do sth.愿意;be open to 對…開放;reveal vt. 顯示;透露)。
8. Love cantolerateimperfection. In a loverelationshipthere are timeswhenI am bored,times whenI mayfeel likegiving up,times of realstrain, and times I feel I can’tmove forward. Authenticlove does not implyenduringhappiness. I can stayduringrough times, however,becauseI can rememberwhat we had togetherin the past,and I canpicturewhat we will have together inour futureifwe careenough toface our problemsandworkthem through. Weagree withthe ideathatlove is a spiritthatchanges life. Love isa way of lifethatiscreativeandthattransforms. However, loveisnot reservedfora perfectworld. Loveis meant forourimperfect worldwhere things go wrong.Loveis meant tobe a spiritthatworksin painful situations.Loveis meant tobringmeaning into lifewhere nonsenseappears to rule. In other words, love comes into an imperfect worldto make it possible to live.
8、愛能夠容忍不完美。愛人之間有時會感到厭煩(when引導的定語從句修飾times; 以下同為此用法),有時會想放棄(fell like doing sth.),有時感到壓力,有時感到羈絆(move forward 向前移動;向前發(fā)展)。真正的(authentic adj.)愛并不意味著永遠幸福(enduring adj.持久的)。但是,在困難(rough adj. 艱苦的)時期我能堅守(stay vi.),因為我仍記得我們共同度過的往昔,我也能想象(picture vt.),如果我們愿意(enough to do sth. 足夠…去做)直面問題,渡過難關(guān)(work them through),我們將共同擁有什么樣的未來。我們一致認為(agree with 和…意見一致)愛是一種精神,這種精神能改變?nèi)松?strong>(第一個
that引導的定語從句修飾the idea,第二個that引導的定語從句修飾a spirit)。愛是一種生活方式,它具有創(chuàng)造和改變的力量(that…and that…引導的定語從句修飾a way of life)。但是愛并不只是完美世界所獨有(be reservedfor 留作),愛本來就是為我們這個不完美、有缺陷的(where things go wrong)世界而存在的(be meant for 注定成為;where 引導的定語從句修飾our imperfectworld;go wrong 弄錯;出毛病)。愛應該是一種能緩解痛苦的精神力量(be meant to 應該是;必須;that引導定語從句,修飾a sprite;可直譯:愛是一種精神,這種精神于苦痛之中發(fā)揮著作用(work))。愛應該給我們這充滿荒謬(where nonsense appears to rule,where引導的定語從句修飾life)的生活帶來意義(meaning)(bring into v. 使開始;使進入某種狀態(tài))。換言之(in other words),是愛使我們在這個不完美的世界上生活下去(make itpossible to do sth. 使做某事成為可能)。9. Love isopen. If I love you, I encourage youtoreach outand develop other relationships. Althoughour love for each otherandour commitment to each othermight prohibitcertainactionson our parts,weare nottotallyandexclusivelymarried to each other. It is a false lovethatcementsone personto anotherin such a waythathe or sheis not given roomto grow.
9、愛是大方的。愛一個人,就要鼓勵(encourage)其與他人建立聯(lián)系(reach out 伸出)。盡管對彼此的愛與承諾不允許(prohibit vt. 阻止,禁止)我們有某些行為,這種結(jié)合也不是全然排他的(totally and exclusively)(be married to嫁給某人,娶某人;與…結(jié)婚)。兩個人密不可分(cement vt. 鞏固;接合),再無其他發(fā)展的空間(give room 讓開;騰地方),這樣的愛是不明智的。
10. Love isselfish. I canonlylove youifIgenuinelylove, value,appreciate,andrespectmyself.IfI am empty, thenallI can give youis my emptiness.IfI feelthatI’m complete andworthwhilein myself, then I’m able togive to youout of myfullness.One of the best ways for me to give you loveis byfollyenjoying myself with you.
10、愛又是自私的。如果我真正(genuinely)自愛、自重、自賞、自尊,才能(can only)愛別人。如果我空虛,那么我能給所愛之人的全部(all I can give you)也只有空虛(emptiness)(all 是句子的主語,I can give you是all的定語)。如果我覺得自己是完滿的、出色的(worthwhile adj. 值得做的;值得的),那么我就能以自己的充實(out of my fullness)為所愛之人增光(give to 給予;贈給)(網(wǎng)上直譯:假如我覺得自己充實完整并活得有價值,那么我也能給予你的就是充實完整)。表達愛的最好方法之一就是與所愛之人一起充分體驗自己(直譯:表達“我愛你”的最好方法之一就是和所愛的人一起做傻事)。
11. Loveinvolvesseeingthe potentialwithinthe personwe love. In mylove for another, I viewher or him asthe personshe orhe can become,whilestillacceptingwho and whattheperson isnow. By takingpeople as they are, wemake themworse, but by treating them as if they already werewhat they ought to be, wehelpmakethembetter.
11、愛就要看到所愛之人的內(nèi)在潛力(we love 作the person的定語)。愛他/她,就要接受今日之所作所為(accepting whoand what the person is now),也要視其所能為(she or he can become 作the person的定語;view…as…認為…是…;把…看作…)。視人靜止不變(take as 把…看作是…),則令其退步(make the worse),待他如同他的潛力已經(jīng)發(fā)揮(treat… as if 把…看作好似…),則助其進步(help make them better;help 使役動詞,后跟不帶to的不定式)。
12. To sum itup,matureloveisunionunder the condition ofpreserving one’s individuality. In love,two beingsbecomeoneand yetremaintwo.
12、歸根結(jié)底(to sum it up; to sum up 總之),成熟的愛就是保持個性(preservingone’s individuality)條件下的雙方結(jié)合(union)。兩個人(two beings)由于愛合二為一,又仍是兩個獨立的個體。。