評(píng)論
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1. Americans smokesix thousand millioncigarettesevery year(1970figures). This isroughlythe equivalent of 4,195 cigarettesa year for every personin the country of18 years of age or more. It is estimated that 51% of American men smokecompared with34% of Americanwomen.
1、美國人每年抽煙60億支(1970年的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字)。這大致等于每個(gè)18歲以上的人一年要吸4195支煙。據(jù)估計(jì)（it is estimated that），美國有51％的男性吸煙，而女性吸煙的比例則為34％。
2. Since 1939, numerous scientific studieshave beenconducted to determine whether smoking isa health hazard.Thetrend of the evidencehas been consistent and indicates that there isa serious health risk. Researchteams have conducted studies that show beyond allreasonabledoubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarettesmoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy.
2、1939年以來，為了確定抽煙是否有害健康進(jìn)行了大量的科學(xué)研究。證據(jù)所顯示的趨勢是一貫的，并表明對(duì)人體的健康有嚴(yán)重的危險(xiǎn)。許多研究小組進(jìn)行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食煙草，特別是吸卷煙與預(yù)期壽命縮短有關(guān)。
3. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workersin this fieldto be an important factorin thedevelopment of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed tobe related to cancer of the bladder and theoral cavity. Male cigarette smokers havea higher death ratefromheart diseasethannon-smoking males. (Femalesmokersare thought to be lessaffectedbecause they do not breathe in the smokeso deeply.) The majority of doctors and researchers consider these relationshipsproved to their satisfaction and say, "Give up smoking. If you don'tsmoke-don't start!"
3、這方面的研究人員大都相信吸卷煙是產(chǎn)生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，還認(rèn)為膀胱癌、口腔癌也與此有關(guān)。男性吸煙者的心臟病死亡率比不吸煙的高。(他們認(rèn)為女性吸煙者受影響小一些，因?yàn)樗齻兾鼰煵荒敲瓷睢?/span>)大多數(shù)醫(yī)生和研究人員認(rèn)為，上述那些關(guān)系已得到令人滿意的證實(shí)，并且告誡說：“戒煙吧，如果你不會(huì)抽-那可不要學(xué)!”
4. Some competent physicians and researchworkers-though their small number is decreased even further-are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health.They considertheincrease inrespiratory diseasesandvarious forms ofcancer may possiblybe explained byother factorsin the complex human environment-atmospheric pollution, increasednervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticidesthat are now being used byfarmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals.Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, researchis isolatingall other possiblefactorsand proving them to be statistically irrelevant.
4、有些精通業(yè)務(wù)的(competent)醫(yī)生和研究人員-雖然這些人不多，并且人數(shù)在進(jìn)一步減少-不那么肯定(be less sure)吸卷煙對(duì)人體健康有影響。他們認(rèn)為呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病(respiratory diseases)和各種癌癥的增多也許可以說是由于人類復(fù)雜環(huán)境中另外一些因素，即：空氣的污染、人們精神壓力的增大、經(jīng)過加工的食品中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)、或化學(xué)殺蟲藥(pesticide)引起的。農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在大量使用這些農(nóng)藥殺死(destory)昆蟲和小動(dòng)物。據(jù)他們說，那些患了癌癥或肺病的人可能恰巧(bycoincidence)也住在工業(yè)區(qū)，或是吃了更多的罐頭食品。但是研究工作逐漸排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字證明這些因素(對(duì)患癌癥)是無關(guān)的（irrelevant）。
5. Apart from the scientific statistics, it mightbe helpful to look atwhat smoking tobacco actuallydoes tothe human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporizedchemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine,whichis a powerful poison, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components formdepositson themembranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube, or bronchus,divides.Mostlung cancerbegins atthispoint.
5、除了（apartfrom）科學(xué)統(tǒng)計(jì)之外，研究工作還有助于認(rèn)清(look at)吸食煙草對(duì)人體的實(shí)際影響(do to 對(duì)待, 處置)。抽煙產(chǎn)生的煙霧是一種混合的氣體，包括氣化的(vaporized)化學(xué)物質(zhì)，極小的灰末微粒和其它固體，還有毒性(poison)很強(qiáng)的尼古丁和黑焦油。當(dāng)吸進(jìn)煙時(shí)，所有這些成分就都沉淀(deposit)在肺膜上。在氣管和支氣管分支的地方有一個(gè)集中點(diǎn)。大部分肺癌就從這里發(fā)端。
6. Smoking also affects the heart andbloodvessels.It is known tobe related toBeurger'sdisease, anarrowingof the smallveinsin the hands and feetthatcan cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs. Smokers also die much more oftenfromheart disease.
6、抽煙也影響心臟和血管?，F(xiàn)已查明抽煙與伯爾格氏病有關(guān)。這種疾病使手腳的細(xì)靜脈不斷縮小，從而引起劇烈疼痛甚至?xí)?dǎo)致截肢。抽煙者死于心臟病的也比不吸煙的人多得多(much more)。
7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smokingappearstohavea muchgreater effectthancigar or pipe smoking. However,nicotine consumption is not diminished bythelatterforms, and current research indicatesa causal relationshipbetweenall forms of smokingandcancer of the mouth and throat.Filters and low tar tobaccoareclaimed tomake smoking to some extent safer, but they can onlymarginallyreduce, not eliminate the hazards.
7、盡管吸食各種煙草都會(huì)影響預(yù)期壽命和健康，但是抽香煙的影響要比抽雪茄和抽煙斗大得多。不過，后兩種并不能減少對(duì)尼古丁的吸食，并且當(dāng)前的研究指出各式各樣的吸煙都和口腔癌、喉癌有某種因果關(guān)系。據(jù)稱(are claimed to)過濾嘴香煙和低焦油煙草能使吸煙在某種程度上比較安全(to some extent safer)，但是這只能略微(marginally)減少危害，而不能消除(eliminate)危害。
