評論
打印
Professor Blake, um, did he happen to look at people who sign? I mean deaf people?
布萊克教授，額，他有沒有觀察過耳聾的人？
Uh, he did indeed, um, and to jump ahead,
額，他確實觀察過，跳到前面，
what one finds in deaf individuals who use sign language when they’re given problems of various kinds,
他發現那些用標志語言的耳聾個體，給他們各種問題，
they have muscular changes in their hands when they are trying to solve a problem...
在試圖解決問題時，他們的手部會有肌肉改變，
muscle changes in the hand, just like the muscular changes going on in the throat region for speaking individuals.
手部的肌肉變化，就像那些能說話的個體發生在喉部的肌肉變化一樣。
So, for Watson, thinking is identical with the activity of muscles.
所以，沃森認為思考就是肌肉的活動。
A related concept of thinking was developed by William James. It’s called ideomotor action.
一個相關的思考理念是威廉姆詹姆斯提出來的。叫做動念動作。
Ideomotor action is an activity that occurs without our noticing it, without our being aware of it.
動念動作就是在我們沒有注意到且無意識的情況下產生的活動。
I’ll give you one simple example.
我給你們舉個簡單的例子。
If you think of locations, there tends to be eye movement that occurs with your thinking about that location.
你在思考方向的時候，思考的同時會有眼部運動發生。
In particular, from where we’re sitting, imagine that you’re asked to think of our university library.
特別是，從我們坐的地方，想象有人讓你想一下我們大學圖書館。
Well, if you close your eyes and think of the library,
如果你閉上眼睛思考圖書館的位置，
and if you’re sitting directly facing me,
再假設你直接坐在我對面，
then according to this notion, your eyeballs will move slightly to the left, to your left,
然后根據這個看法，你的眼球會稍微往左移動，往你的左邊，
‘cause the library’s in that general direction.
因為圖書館就在大概的方向。
James and others said that this is an idea leading to a motor action,
詹姆斯和其他人認為，這個想法引出運動動作，
and that’s why it’s called “ideomotor action” —an idea leads to motor activity.
所以它被稱為“動念動作”——一個引出運動活動的主意。
If you wish to impress your friends and relatives, you can change this simple process into a magic trick.
如果你想給你的朋友或者親屬留下深刻的印象，你可以把這個簡單的過程變成魔術。
Ask people to do something such as I’ve just described: think of something on their left;
讓人們做一些事情，比如我剛剛描述過的：想起一件在他們左邊的東西；
think of something on their right.
或者想起一件在他們右邊的東西。
You get them to think about two things on either side with their eyes closed, and you watch their eyes very carefully.
你讓他們閉上眼睛思考他們分別位于兩側的兩件東西，然后仔細觀察他們的眼睛。
And if you do that, you’ll discover that you can see rather clearly the eye movement—
然后你會發現你可以很清楚地看見眼睛的運動，
that is, you can see the movement of the eyeballs.
也就是說，你能看見眼球的運動。
Now, then you say, think of either one and I’ll tell which you’re thinking of.
然后你說，隨便想一個東西，我可以知道你在想什么。
OK.Well, Watson makes the assumption that muscular activity is equivalent to thinking.
好了。沃森假設肌肉運動等同于思考。
But given everything we’ve been talking about here, one has to ask:
但是考慮到我們講的內容，有人要問了：
are there alternatives to this motor theory—this claim that muscular activities are equivalent to thinking?
這個主張肌肉運動等同于思考的肌動理論有沒有可選項？
Is there anything else that might account for this change in muscular activity, other than saying that it is thinking?
有沒有其他的東西會引起這個肌肉運動，除了說那是在思考？
And the answer is clearly yes.
答案明顯是肯定的。
Is there any way to answer the question definitively? I think the answer is no.
有沒有方法確定地回答這個問題？我想答案是否定的。
