評(píng)論
打印
Listen to part of a psychology lecture. The professor is discussing behaviorism.
請(qǐng)聽一段心理學(xué)課程的演講。教授正在講行為主義。
Now, many people consider John Watson to be the founder of behaviorism.
很多人都認(rèn)為約翰·沃森是行為主義之父。
And like other behaviorists, he believed that psychologists should study only the behaviors they can observe and measure.
如同其他的行為主義學(xué)家，沃森認(rèn)為心理學(xué)家們應(yīng)該只研究他們能觀察并測(cè)量到的行為。
They’re not interested in mental processes.
他們對(duì)心理過程沒有興趣。
While a person could describe his thoughts, no one else can see or hear them to verify the accuracy of his report.
一個(gè)人可以描述他的想法，但是沒有人能用看或者聽的方式來核實(shí)他報(bào)告的準(zhǔn)確性。
But one thing you can observe is muscular habits.
但有一件事你可以觀察到：肌肉習(xí)慣。
What Watson did was to observe muscular habits because he viewed them as a manifestation of thinking.
沃森所做的就是觀察肌肉習(xí)慣，因?yàn)樗J(rèn)為肌肉習(xí)慣是思考的表現(xiàn)形式。
One kind of habit that he studied are laryngeal habits.
他研究過的一種習(xí)慣是喉音習(xí)慣。
Watson thought laryngeal habits...you know, from larynx, in other words, related to the voice box...
他認(rèn)為那些習(xí)慣是一種思考的表達(dá)。
he thought those habits were an expression of thinking.
沃森認(rèn)為喉音習(xí)慣，來自于喉部，換句話說，與聲匣有關(guān)的，
He argued that for very young children, thinking is really talking out loud to oneself
他說，對(duì)于很小的孩子們來說，思考就是大聲地對(duì)自己說話，
because they talk out loud even if they’re not trying to communicate with someone in particular.
因?yàn)樗麄兗词乖诓桓囟ǖ娜私涣鞯那闆r下也會(huì)大聲說話。
As the individual matures,
當(dāng)他們變成熟時(shí)，
that overt talking to oneself becomes covert talking to oneself, but thinking still shows up as a laryngeal habit.
那種公開地自說自話變成了隱秘地自說自話，但是思考仍然以一種喉音習(xí)慣出現(xiàn)。
One of the bits of evidence that supports this is that when people are trying to solve a problem,
一個(gè)能證明這一點(diǎn)的證據(jù)就是，當(dāng)人們?cè)噲D解決某個(gè)問題時(shí)，
they, um, typically have increased muscular activity in the throat region.
他們喉部的肌肉活動(dòng)常常會(huì)增加。
That is, if you put electrodes on the throat and measure muscle potential—muscle activity—
如果你把電極放在喉嚨上然后測(cè)量肌肉電位——肌肉活動(dòng)——
you discover that when people are thinking, like if they’re diligently trying to solve a problem,
你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)人們思考的時(shí)候，比如他們?cè)噲D解決某一個(gè)問題時(shí)，
that there is muscular activity in the throat region.
在喉部有肌肉活動(dòng)。
So, Watson made the argument that problem solving, or thinking, can be defined as a set of behaviors—a set of responses—
所以，沃森說，解決問題，或者思考，可以被定義為一系列的行為——一組反應(yīng)——
and in this case the response he observed was the throat activity.
在這里他觀察的反應(yīng)是喉部活動(dòng)。
That’s what he means when he calls it a laryngeal habit.
他稱其為喉音習(xí)慣就這個(gè)意思。
Now, as I am thinking about what I am going to be saying, my muscles in my throat are responding.
就在我思考我接下來要講什么的時(shí)候，我喉部的肌肉正做出反應(yīng)。
So, thinking can be measured as muscle activity. Now, the motor theory...yes?
所以，思考可以被當(dāng)做肌肉活動(dòng)測(cè)量。現(xiàn)在我們來講講肌肉理論。有什么問題嗎？
