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Listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.
請聽一段哲學課上的演講。
OK.Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle—Aristotle’s ethical theory.
好了。我們要討論的另一個古希臘哲學家是亞里士多德——亞里士多德的倫理理論。
What Aristotle’s ethical theory is all about is this: he’s trying to show you how to be happy—what true happiness is.
亞里士多德的倫理理論的意義就是：他嘗試給你解釋如何幸福——什么是真正的幸福。
Now, why is he interested in human happiness?
他為什么對人類的幸福感興趣呢？
It’s not just because it’s something that all people want to aim for. It’s more than that.
不只是因為這是所有人都想要的東西。遠非如此。
But to get there we need to first make a very important distinction.
要想理解這個理論我們首先需要做一個重要的區(qū)分。
Let me introduce a couple of technical terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value.
我先介紹兩個術語：外在價值和內(nèi)在價值。
To understand Aristotle’s interest in happiness, you need to understand this distinction.
要理解亞里士多德對幸福的興趣，你得知道這個區(qū)別。
Some things we aim for and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to themselves.
我們追求和重視一些東西，不是為其本身，而是為它們其附加值。
If I value something as a means to something else, then it has what we will call “extrinsic value.”
如果我視某件事物為達到其他事物的手段，那么這件事物就有“外在價值”。
Other things we desire and hold to be valuable for themselves alone.
其它事物我們僅僅是因為它們本身而渴望或者認為其很有價值。
If we value something not as a means to something else, but for its own sake, let us say that it has “intrinsic value.”
如果我們重視某件事物不以其為達到另一事物的手段，只是因為它本身，那么這件事物就有“內(nèi)在價值”。
Exercise. There may be some people who value exercise for itself, but I don’t.
比如鍛煉。有一些人重視鍛煉因為其本身，但我不是。
I value exercise because if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn’t.
我重視鍛煉是因為如果我鍛煉，會比不鍛煉更健康。
So I desire to engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically...not for its own sake, but as a means to something beyond it.
所以我愿意加入鍛煉是因為我重視鍛煉的外在價值，而不是鍛煉本身，是把它作為達成另一目的一種方式。
It brings me good health.
它給我?guī)砗蒙眢w。
Health. Why do I value good health? Well, here it gets a little more complicated for me.
再說健康。為什么我在乎健康？這里有些復雜。
Um, health is important for me because I can’t...do other things I want to do— play music, teach philosophy—if I’m ill.
額，健康于我很重要因為，如果我生病了我就沒法做其他我想做的事——玩音樂、教哲學。
So health is important to me—has value to me—as a means to a productive life.
所以健康對我來說很重要——對我來說有價值——是獲得高效生活的一種途徑。
But health is also important to me because I just kind of like to be healthy—it feels good.
但是健康對我也很重要，因為我喜歡健康——感覺很好。
It’s pleasant to be healthy, unpleasant not to be.
健康舒適一點，不健康很討厭。
So to some degree I value health both for itself and as a means to something else: productivity.
所以一定程度上，我看重健康既是因為它本身，也是因為它作為達成另一件事（高效率）的方式。
It’s got extrinsic and intrinsic value for me.
健康對我來說既有外在價值又有內(nèi)在價值。
