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Classifications of cultures
文化的分類
Good morning everyone, today we'll look at culture or rather classifications of cultures.
大家早上好，今天我們來談談文化或者說文化的分類。
Usually when we deal with different people, we deal with them as if we were all members of the same culture.
通常，當我們與不同的人打交道時，我們會將他們當做同一文化的成員對待他們。
However, it's possible that people from different cultures have different assumptions about the world, regarding such important and basic ideas as time, personal space.
然而，不同文化背景的人，可能在某些重要的基本觀念方面對世界有不同的設想，比如時間、個人空間等。
And this is the view of Edward Hall.
這是愛德華·霍爾的觀點。
And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent a large part of his life studying American Indians, their culture, their language, but he was different from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture.
愛德華·霍爾是一位人類學家，他一生中大部分時間都在研究美洲印第安人，研究他們的文化和語言，但他不像其他人類學家只研究一種文化。
He was interested in the relations between cultures, how cultures interact.
他對文化之間的關系，文化如何相互影響感興趣。
What Hall believes is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuing, ranging from what he called high-context to low-context.
霍爾認為可以通過將文化置于一個連續體中，從他所謂的高語境到低語境來排列，進行分類。
OK, what is a high-context culture?
什么是高語境文化？
A high-context culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance.
在高語境文化中，信息、行動或事件的語境承載著其含義和意義的很大一部分。
What this means is that in a high-context culture more attention is paid to what's happening in and around the message than to the message itself.
這意味著，在高語境文化中，人們更多地關注信息相關的事件而不是信息本身，這樣的文化就是高語境文化。
Now let me give you examples.
現在讓我給你們舉幾個例子。
First in terms of personal space, generally speaking in a high-context culture, because there's a greater dependency on group thinking, people lean towards heavier sensory involvement or closeness to people.
首先，在個人空間方面，一般來說，在高語境文化中，因為人們對群體思維的依賴性更強，人們傾向于更強烈的感官參與，人與人的距離更近。
And they have less respect for privacy, for personal space.
而他們對隱私和個人空間的尊重較少。
If you go into that culture, people might stand closer when they're talking to you.
如果你進入那種文化環境，人們和你說話時，可能會站得比較近。
They might touch more and if they're justled in a crowd, they won't feel violated.
他們可能會有更多的肢體接觸，如果他們被擠在人群中，也不會覺得受到冒犯。
And also people from a high-context culture pay attention to body language.
同時，高語境文化的人們也會注意身體語言。
Because remember what I said, the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to themessage itself.
因為，還記得我說過的嗎，高語境文化的定義是要更多的關注信息的語境而不是信息本身。
And part of the context is body language.
身體語言就是語境的一部分。
