1.The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.

玫瑰戰爭這個詞是指兩個家族間的戰爭，以紅玫瑰為標志的藍凱斯特家族和以白玫瑰為標志的約克家族。

2.In 1455, after Henry Ⅵ hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of York's son Edward, emerged the victor and was proclaimed as Edward Ⅳ.

1455年，當亨利六世再也沒有理由（將國家交給攝政者管理時），戰爭在約克家族成員和藍凱斯特家族成員中爆發了。1461年，約克公爵的兒子愛德華戰勝成功成為愛德華四世。

3.On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard Ⅲ and Henry Tudor.

1458年8月22日，玫瑰戰爭的最后一次戰役在理查德三世和亨利都鐸之間展開。

4.The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. Henry Ⅷ wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon. But Pope Clement Ⅲ refused to annul his marriage to Catherine.

改革以爭取離婚開始，以脫離教皇而告終，亨利八世想與阿拉貢的公主凱瑟琳離婚，但教皇克萊蒙拒絕取消凱瑟琳和亨利八世之間的婚姻。

5.Henry's reform was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and make an independent Church of England.

亨利改革的目的是拜托英國教會與教皇的聯系，成立獨立的英格蘭教會。

6.The laws (e.g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535) made his reform possible stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position.

使改革可行的法律（如1534年的《繼承法案》和1535年的《至尊法案》）強調了君主的權利并自然加強了亨利的地位。