VI. The Civil Wars and their consequences

Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.

由于查爾斯的“君權神授”統治權，他與議會的對質發展成了內戰。戰爭開始于1642年8月22日，結束于1651年。最后查爾斯被處死。

英國內戰又稱為清教徒革命。這是議會和國王間的沖突，也是城市中產階級的經濟利益與皇室傳統經濟利益之間的沖突。城市中產階級經濟利益剛好與他們的宗教（清教）思想吻合，相應地，皇室傳統的經濟利益則與圣公會教的宗教信仰相結合在一起。英國內戰不僅推翻了英國的封建制度，而且動搖了歐洲的封建基礎。英國內戰通常被看作是現代世界史的開端。

The Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell(p.57)

Cromwell was leader of the first civil war against charles I. His famous "Ironside" cavalry and New Model Army(新模范軍) defeated the king. After the War he was made Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England and he instituted direct military rule of the country.

After king Charles I's exection in 1649, Oliver Cromwell and the "Rump"（殘余國會）declared England a Commonwealth.There was no king, no House of Lords in England. The Commonwealth ended in 1660 when Charles II became king. 克倫威爾領導了第一次對抗查理1世內戰。他著名的鐵騎軍和新模范軍擊敗了國王。戰后同時他成為英倫之島共和國的護國公，建立直接軍隊領導制度。當查里一世1649年被處決后，克倫威爾和他的殘余國會宣布英格蘭為共和國。沒有國王和上議院。共和國于1660年查里2世登基結束。

The Restoration

王政復辟——1660

When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late King's son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II. It was called the Restoration.

1658年奧利弗克倫威爾去世，他的兒子理查德繼任護國公，政權立即開始瓦解。克倫威爾的一位將軍喬治蒙克占領倫敦，安排新的議會選舉。1660年選出的議會要求上一任國王的兒子長期流亡地法國回國作國王查爾斯二世，從而解決了危機。這就是所謂的王政復辟。

The Glorious Revolution of 1688

1688年光榮革命——1688

In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.

1685年查爾斯二世去世，由其弟詹姆斯二世繼位。詹姆斯二世從小在歐洲流亡長大，是個天主教徒，他希望不放棄個人宗教信仰統治國家。但是1688的英國已不象40年前那樣能容忍天主教徒當國王了。英國政客反對詹姆斯二世，他們呼吁信奉新教的國王，奧蘭治親王威謙入侵英國奪取王位。1688年11月15日威廉在托爾比登陸并占領倫敦。這一占領相對平靜，既未流血也未處死國王，所以就稱為“光榮革命”。