III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

伊莉莎白一世（1558年-1603年）

Elizabeth I and parliament

(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She was able to work with Paliament.She avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court.But the relationship was often turbulent. Because Parliament demanded that its right of free speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed to discuss all important questions at will. Elizabeth I did not agree to their demands.

為了避免經常向議會索要資金，伊莉莎白在王室內部制定了嚴格的節(jié)約制度。但是，她與議會的關系也經常不穩(wěn)定。因為議會需要用文字形式對言論自由的一般權力加以確定，同時希望可以隨時對重要問題進行討論。伊不同意他們的要求。

Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy

伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策

Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England,i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.

For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain.

伊莉莎白的宗教改革是對不同觀點的妥協(xié)。她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關系，恢復她父親在位時獨立的英格蘭教會，也就是說保持天主教教條及習俗，但不受教皇控制。她的宗教定論既不被以清教徒知名的新教極端分子所接受，也不為虔誠的天主教徒所接受。

近30年的時間，伊莉莎白成功挑起了兩大天主教強國法國和西班牙互相斗殺，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。通過她從未具體化的聯(lián)姻，伊莉莎白設法與法國維持友好關系，因此英國能面對來自西班牙的危險。

IV. The English Renaissance

英國文藝復興

Distinctive features of the English Renaissance

英國文藝復興的特點

1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;

2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;

3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;

4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly; 5)the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.

英國文藝復興的五個特點：1）英國文化的復興直接受古典作品影響不大，更大的影響來自于受古典作品熏陶的當代歐洲人；2）由于英國是一個島國家，其社會和政治歷史進程與歐洲其他國家相去甚遠；3）由于14世紀偉大的天才詩人喬叟的出現(xiàn)，英國本國文學得以蓬勃發(fā)展，能夠在吸收外國文學影響的同時，并未處于從屬地位；4）英國文藝復興文學主要是文藝方面而不是哲學的和學術方面；5）文藝復興和英格蘭的宗教改革正好同步。