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Photo credit: Sharon odb
4、Norte Chico Civilization
北方奇科文明
Beginning with its arrival during the third millennium B.C. and lasting for over 1,200 years, the Norte Chico civilization dominated South America as the oldest sophisticated culture on the continent. Named for the region of present-day Peru which they occupied, they had 20 major cities, with advanced architecture and agriculture making up a large portion of their settlements. They also developed intricate irrigation systems, sophistication which was unheard of in the Americas at that time.
Artifacts recognizable as religious symbols have been found throughout the area, especially near the stone pyramids for which the Norte Chico civilization is famous. There is some debate over whether or not they qualify as a civilization, as well as what that term even means. Usually, indicators like a form of art and a sense of urbanization are key, but the Norte Chico civilization possessed neither of these. Whatever the case, there is no denying that they were an influence on later South American cultures, such as the Chavin civilization, which began a few hundred years after the fall of the Norte Chicos.
從開始一直持續(xù)了1200年的北方奇科文明是南美洲大陸最古老的文明，今天秘魯大部分國土都是他們曾經(jīng)統(tǒng)治的地方，他們擁有20個城鎮(zhèn)，先進(jìn)的農(nóng)業(yè)和建筑業(yè)技術(shù)。他們也開發(fā)出當(dāng)時的美洲聞所未聞的復(fù)雜的灌溉系統(tǒng)。在整個區(qū)域發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多被當(dāng)做宗教標(biāo)記的工藝品，特別是在靠近以北方奇科文明著稱的石頭金字塔發(fā)現(xiàn)的更多。對于是否把他們當(dāng)作一種文明仍然有一些爭論，究竟文明這個詞意味著什么。通常，藝術(shù)形式和城市化可以視作文明的標(biāo)記，但是北方奇科文明沒有這些標(biāo)記。不管怎么說，不可否認(rèn)的事他們對于后來的南美洲文明有著巨大的影響，比如恰文文明，恰文文明在北方奇科文明結(jié)束之后又持續(xù)了數(shù)百年。
