8. Biological Science 生物科學 （1855-1866）

Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Pasteur’s germ theory revolutionized biology and medicine; Lister introduced sterilization in hospitals, and Mendel (pictured above) conducted the first experiments in heritability (though not widely known until later). There were milestones in many other arenas: Maxwell described electromagnetic fields and radiation; and the first internal combustion engine, gas heater, commercial steel, plastics, and rechargeable battery were produced.

達爾文的自然選擇理論和巴斯德的微生物理論變革了生物學和醫學；利斯特在醫院中引入了殺菌，而孟德爾（上圖人物）進行了第一次遺傳實驗（盡管當時并不很有名）。在其他的領域中也出現了許多里程碑：麥克斯韋描述了電磁場和輻射；而第一座內燃機、蒸汽加熱器、商業鋼鐵工業、塑料工業和可充電電池也在這一時期開始生產。