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How to stop governments borrowing behind their people's backs
如何阻止政府背著人民借貸
In 2016 the government of Mozambique confessed to secret debts of $1.4bn, or 11% of GDP,
2016年，莫桑比克政府承認了14億美元的秘密債務，占GDP的11%，
mostly as loan guarantees for statebacked companies.
大部分是為國有企業提供貸款擔保。
Growth faltered, the currency slumped and foreign donors pulled back.
經濟增長步履蹣跚，貨幣暴跌，外國捐助者紛紛撤資。
The results have been "devastating", says Denise Namburete, a civilsociety activist,
公民社會活動家Denise Namburete在描述已經兩年沒有藥品的
describing health centres that have gone two years without medicines.
醫療中心時稱結果是“災難性的”。
American prosecutors are pursuing eight people involved in the scandal,
美國檢察官正在追捕八名涉案人員
including three foreign bankers and a former finance minister, on charges of moneylaundering and fraud.
包括三位國外銀行家以及一位前財政部長，指控他們洗錢以及詐騙。
The Mozambique case may be unusual—or not.
莫桑比克的情況可能不同尋常，也可能很普通。
Even the IMF is scratching its head about how much governments truly owe.
就連國際貨幣基金（IMF）也不知道政府到底欠了多少錢。
In some places the mystery is loans from China and other emerging lenders.
在一些地方，這種神秘來自于中國和其他新興國家的貸款。
In others it is advance payments from oil traders, liabilities from public-private partnerships or hidden loans from commercial banks.
在其他地方，是來自于石油交易商的預付款、來自公私伙伴的債務或是來自商業銀行的隱性貸款。
The Institute of International Finance (IIF), a group of banks and financial institutions,
一個由銀行和金融機構組成的團體—國際金融協會（IIF）
has responded to mounting concern by drafting principles on debt transparency.
針對日益加劇的擔憂，起草了有關債務透明度的原則。
Finance ministers of G20 countries endorsed them at a summit in Fukuoka, in Japan, on June 8th-9th.
在6月8日到9日，G20國的財政部長在日本福岡舉行的峰會上通過了該草案。
The IIF principles are voluntary and would apply only to lending from the private sector, not from states.
IIF的原則是自愿的，只適用于私營部門的貸款，不適用于國家貸款。
Lenders would disclose any loans they make to low-income governments or state firms within 60-120 days of funds being released.
貸款機構將在資金發放后60至120天內披露它們向低收入政府或國有企業發放的任何貸款。
Details would include the loan's purpose and structure, and a range within which the interest rate falls.
其細節將包括貸款的用途及結構，以及利率下降的幅度。
The data would be held by an international institution, perhaps the IMF or World Bank.
數據將由一家國際機構持有，可能是IMF或世界銀行。
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