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Technology Quarterly
科技季刊
Technology Quarterly on language: Brain scan: Terry Winograd
科技季刊：腦部掃描：特里·威諾格拉德
The Winograd Schema tests computers' “understanding” of the real world.
Winograd模式測試計算機對真實世界的“理解能力”。
The Turing Test was conceived as a way to judge whether true artificial intelligence has been achieved.
圖靈檢測被認為是判斷真正的人工智能是否實現的一種方法。
If a computer can fool humans into thinking it is human, there is no reason, say its fans, to say the machine is not truly intelligent.
人工智能的粉絲們說，如果計算機能讓人類認為他們是人，那么便沒有理由說機器不具備真正的人工智能。
Few giants in computing stand with Turing in fame, but one has given his name to a similar challenge: Terry Winograd, a computer scientist at Stanford.
在計算機大神中，很少有人能與圖靈的名聲比肩媲美的，但是斯坦福大學的計算機科學家Terry Winograd發起了一個以自己名字命名的類似挑戰。
In his doctoral dissertation Mr Winograd posed a riddle for computers: “The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because they feared violence.
他在博士論文中給計算機提出了一個難題：“城市議員拒絕給示威者許可，因為他們害怕暴力。
It is a perfectillustrationof a well-recognised point: many things that are easy for humans are crushingly difficult for computers.
這是對一個眾所周知的觀點的完美解釋：那就是許多事情對人們來說很容易，對機器來說卻十分困難。
Mr Winograd went into AI research in the 1960s and 1970s and developed an early natural-language program called SHRDLU
Winograd在20世紀60年代和70年代一直在進行了人工智能的研究，并開發了一個名為SHRDLU的早期自然語言程序，
that could take commands and answer questions about a group of shapes it could manipulate:
它可以接受命令和回答關于一組它可以熟練使用的形狀的問題：
“Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box.”
比如“找到一個比你手中拿著的更高的方塊放入盒子。”
This work brought ajolt of optimism to the AI crowd, but MrWinograd later fell out with them,
雖然這項工作給人工智能研究員帶來了一些希望，但是隨后維諾格拉德先生放棄了制造機器，
devoting himself not to making machines intelligent but to making them better at helping human beings.
轉而致力于使智能機器更好地幫助人類。
(These camps are sharply divided by philosophyand academic pride.)
（這兩個派別的產生是由于哲學和學術榮譽觀點存在明顯差異。）
He taught Larry Page at Stanford, and after Mr Page went on to co-found Google, MrWinograd became a guest researcher at the company, helping to build Gmail.
他是Larry Page在斯坦福大學的老師，Page同人合作創建Google后，Winograd成為公司的客座研究員，幫助構建谷歌郵箱。
英文文本來自經濟學人 譯文來自欄目二第五組
