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pragmatic
【考法 1】 adj. 實用主義的，務實的： a practical approach to problems and affairs
【例】 Pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal withsocial morality.(K. B. Clark) 務實的當權者不會有時間或者意向去處理社會道德的問題。--K. B. 克拉克‖a pragmatic man, not given to grand, visionary schemes 一個不迷戀花哨空想的計劃，而更注重實際的人
【近】 down-to-earth, earthy, hardheaded, matter-of-fact, practical
【反】 fanciful, idealistic, impractical, unrealistic, utopian, visionary 幻想的，不務實的
【派】 pragmatism n. 實用主義，務實主義
refreshing
【考法 1】 adj. 令人心身振奮的，提神的： having a renewing effect on the state of the body or mind
【例】 A glass of cold water is very refreshing on such a hot day. 大熱天里的一杯冰水真是讓人心曠神怡。‖It is refreshing to hear some good news about him. 能聽到他的好消息真是讓人振奮。
【近】 bracing, cordial, invigorating, rejuvenating, restorative, reviving, stimulating, stimulative, vitalizing
【反】 deadening, debilitating, draining, enervating, enfeebling, exhausting, sapping, wearying 令人虛弱的
skittish .
【考法 1】 adj. 容易受到驚嚇的，膽小的： easily frightened
【例】 The kitty is skittish around people she doesn't know. 小貓看到不認識的人就會顯得特別膽小害怕。
【近】 fainthearted, fearful, fearsome, mousy, scary, timid, timorous, tremulous
【反】 adventuresome, adventurous, audacious, bold, daring, dashing, gutsy, venturesome, venturous 大膽的
【考法 2】 adj. 容易激動的： easily excited by nature
【例】 The skittish colt leapt up when we approached. 一看到我們靠近，小馬駒就激動地猛跳起來。
【近】 flighty, fluttery, hyper, hyperactive, hyperkinetic, jittery, jumpy, nervous, skittery, spasmodic, spooky
【反】 imperturbable, nerveless, unexcitable, unflappable, unshakable 不為所動的，沉著的
【考法 3】 adj. 善變的，多變的： likely to change frequently, suddenly, or unexpectedly
【例】 The skittish housing market had both buyers and sellers on edge. 變幻莫測的房市讓買家和賣家都坐立不安。
【近】 capricious, changeful, flickery, fluctuating, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, mutable, temperamental, uncertain, unstable, unsteady, volatile
【反】 changeless, constant, immutable, invariable, settled, stable, stationary, steady, unvarying 不變的
stigmatize .
【考法 1】 vt. 使蒙上污名： to characterize or brand as disgraceful or ignominious
【例】 Urban construction workers are often stigmatized by the rest of society as lazy and dirty. 城市里的建筑工人往往被社會里的其他人污蔑為是懶惰而骯臟的。
【近】 abase, debase, degrade, demean, discredit, disgrace, dishonor, foul, humiliate, shame, sink, smirch
【近】 aggrandize, canonize, deify, elevate, exalt 提升（名譽，聲望等）
surpass .
【考法 1】 vt. 超越，強于： to become better, greater, or stronger than
【例】 She always tried to surpass her older brother at anything he did, which results in his diffidence. 她在任何一個方面都要比她哥哥優秀，由此導致了他自信心的匱乏。
【近】 beat, better, eclipse, exceed, excel, outclass, outmatch, outshine, outstrip, overtop, transcend
【反】 fall behind 落后
【考法 2】 vt. 突破（界限，紀錄等）： to go beyond the limit of
【例】 The sales of the band's newest CD have surpassed the combined sales of its last two albums. 樂隊新專輯的發售量甚至超過了前兩張銷售量的總和。
【近】 break, outreach, outrun, overpass, overreach, overrun, overstep
thrill .
【考法 1】 n. 強烈的興奮感，快感： a pleasurably intense stimulation of the feelings
【例】 Everyone gets a real thrill out of the Independence Day fireworks. 每個人都因獨立日的焰火表演而感到無比的興奮。
【近】 bang, boot, exhilaration, frisson, jollies, kick, rush, titillation, wallop
【考法 2】 vt. 使興奮，使激動： a pleasurably intense stimulation of the feelings
【例】 I was thrilled to hear that you got the promotion that you'd been so desperately wanting. 聽到你終于獲得了夢寐已久的升遷，我感到非常激動。
【近】 arouse, charge, electrify, excite, exhilarate, galvanize, intoxicate, provoke, stimulate, titillate, pump up
【反】 bore, jade, pall, tire, weary 使厭倦
【派】 thrilling adj. 刺激的；thriller n. 恐怖電影
timely
【考法 1】 adj. 及時的，無拖延的： done, carried out, or given without delay
【例】 When I order a pizza, I expect it to be delivered in a timely manner. 當我在外面點了披薩餅，我就希望它能按時送到。
【近】 immediate, punctual, speedy
【反】 belated, late, tardy 遲到的，延遲的
【考法 2】 adj. 恰到好處的，合乎適宜的： appropriate or adapted to the times or the occasion
【例】 Timely invitation to lunch that came just as I was starting to feel hungry. 正當我開始感到饑餓的時候，就有人適時地邀請我吃午飯了。
【近】 opportune, seasonable, well-timed
【反】 inopportune, unseasonable, untimely 不合時宜的
trifling .
【考法 1】 adj. 細微的，不重要的： lacking in significance or solid worth
【例】 Deciding what you want to do for a living is no trifling matter. 決定維持生計的行當可不是一件小事。‖trifling differences between the theatrical and DVD versions of the movie 影院版和 DVD 版電影當中的細微區別
【近】 frivolous, inconsequential, inconsiderable, insignificant, minor, minute, negligible, nugatory, slight, trivial
【反】 consequential, eventful, important, meaningful, momentous, significant, substantial, weighty 重要的
abreast .
【考法 1】 adv. 并排地： beside one another with bodies in line
【例】 a group of youths riding four abreast 四個一排騎著車的孩子們
【近】 alongside, side by side
【反】 aimlessly, desultorily, erratically, haphazardly, irregularly, randomly, willy-nilly 隨意地
【考法 2】 adj. 熟知的： up to a particular standard or level especially of knowledge of recent developments
【例】 She tried to keep abreast of the latest fashion trends. 她總是盡可能地跟上時尚的潮流。
【近】 acquainted, conversant, informed, knowledgeable, versed, well-informed
【反】 ignorant, unacquainted, unfamiliar, uninformed, unknowledgeable 無知的，不熟悉的
absent
【考法 1】 adj. 未出現的，缺乏的： not present, attending or existing
【例】 The city's usual stir of activity was conspicuously absent due to the report of an escaped lion from the zoo. 一則動物園獅子逃跑的消息讓這座城市缺少往日的繁華。
【近】 away, lacking, missing, nonexistent, wanting
【反】 existent, present 存在的，出現的
【考法 2】 adj. 不專心的，走神的： lost in thought
【例】 seemed absent because he nodded but didn't say anything 他只點了點頭但沒說話，看起來像是走神了
【近】 abstracted, distracted, preoccupied
【反】 alert, vigilant, watchful, wary 警惕的；attentive, heedful, mindful 專注的
adj. 不切實際的，不實用的
