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Psychology
心理學
Time is not money
時間不等于金錢
Thinking about it makes you a better person, not a worse one
時間觀念只會提升人格，絕無裨益
“THE love of money”, St Paul memorably wrote to his protege Timothy, “is the root of all evil.” “All” may be putting it a bit strongly, but dozens of psychological studies have indeed shown that people primed to think about money before an experiment are more likely to lie, cheat and steal during the course of that experiment.
圣保爾曾在給其親信蒂莫西的信中寫到“金錢是萬惡之源”。或許，“萬惡”一詞說的過于嚴重，但無數心理研究表明實驗前被灌輸金錢觀念的人更容易在實驗過程中撒謊、作弊并行竊。
Another well-known aphorism, ascribed to Benjamin Franklin, is “time is money”. If true, that suggests a syllogism: that the love of time is a root of evil, too. But a paper just published in Psychological Science by Francesca Gino of Harvard and Cassie Mogilner of the University of Pennsylvania suggests precisely the opposite.
另一名言—“時間就是金錢”，出自本杰.富蘭克林。如果他說的有理，那么就可以推斷出：對時間的珍愛也是萬惡之源。然而，哈佛商學院的弗蘭切斯卡· 吉諾(Francesca Gino)和賓夕法尼亞大學的凱希·莫吉內爾(Cassie Mogilner)教授共同撰寫發表在《心理科學》的論文則持有完全相反的結論。
Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner asked a group of volunteers to do a series of what appeared to be aptitude tests. As is often the case in such experiments, though, what the volunteers were told, and what the truth was, were rather different things.
他倆召集了一些志愿者，參加一系列類似性向測試的實驗活動。和其它這類實驗一樣，這些志愿者被告知的與事實往往是不同的。
In the first test they were asked to make, within three minutes, as many coherent sentences as they could out of a set of words they had been presented with. What they were not told was that each of them had been assigned to one of three groups. Some volunteers' word sets were seeded with ones associated with money, such as “dollars”, “financing” and “spend”. Some were seeded with words associated with time (eg, “clock”, “hours”, “moment”). And some were seeded with neither. Thus unknowingly primed, the volunteers were ready for the second test.
第一輪測驗要求他們用所給詞匯在限定的三分鐘內盡可能造出更多連貫的句子。但他們并不知道，所有參與者已被悄悄分為三組。第一組所給詞匯主要是金錢類的，如“美元”、“融資”、“消費”等。第二組則與時間相關，如“鐘表”、“小時”、“一刻”等。第三組則為中性詞匯，完全不同于前兩組。就這樣毫無知覺地，志愿者們進入了下一輪測試。
This was mathematical. They were given a sheet of paper with 20 matrices which each contained 12 numbers, two of which added up to ten (for example, 3.81 and 6.19). They had to write down, on a separate answer sheet, how many of these pairs they could manage to find in five minutes. They were also given a packet of money and told they could reward themselves with a dollar for each pair they discovered.
第二場是數字游戲。每人持有一張印有20個數陣的試卷，每個數陣含12個數字，兩兩相加為10（如3.81和6.19）。要求每人5分鐘內在答題紙上寫下所能找到的所有相加為10的配對。同時，每人得到一袋硬幣，且被告知，若找到一對即可獎勵自己一美元。
Crucially, they were not asked to show their workings on the answer sheets—and the matrix sheets, on which those workings might have appeared, carried no identifier and were ostentatiously discarded once the test was done. Nevertheless, by hiding an identification code in a sample matrix on the answer sheet, Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner knew which matrix sheet each candidate had been given and thus who had cheated and who had not. They found that 88% of those who had been primed with money-related words in the first test cheated, as did 67% of those given neutral words. Of those primed with time-related words, though, only 42% cheated.
關鍵是，本次測驗并未要求考生上交答卷或在試卷上寫下姓名等身份信息，盡管試卷上可能會有他們的做題思路，但測試一結束就被狠狠地拋棄了。不過，吉諾教授和莫吉內爾教授其實事先已在答題卷上秘密標好對應試卷的身份代碼，因此哪些人作弊、哪些人沒作弊，他們是一清二楚的。結果表明，第一次實驗中接觸金錢相關詞匯的志愿者有88%的人作弊，接觸中性詞匯的志愿者有67%的人作弊，而接觸時間相關詞匯的只有42%作弊。
Nor, despite St Paul's aphorism, was the lure of lucre during the experiment (as opposed to the effect of thinking about it as a result of being primed) necessary as a corrupting influence. A similar trial on different participants showed that presenting the matrix as a test of intelligence also caused those primed with the idea of money to cheat more than those primed with the idea of time—though, intriguingly, that did not apply if the matrix was presented as a test of personality.
盡管圣保爾的格言并非毫無道理，但并不一定證明就是試驗中的利益誘惑才如此廣泛地腐蝕了人們純潔的心靈（該觀點反對將實驗結果歸于事先所灌輸的觀念）。因為在另一相似的實驗中（參與者不同），參與者被告知自己是在做智力測驗，最后發現也是同樣的結果，即那些有著金錢觀念的比時間觀念的更易作弊——有趣得是，如果只是視為人格測驗，結果卻完全不同。
This led Dr Gino and Dr Mogilner to suspect that self-reflection played a part in controlling unethical behaviour during the test. They therefore conducted a third test in which, for half the volunteers, there was a mirror in the cubicle they were sitting in when doing the experiment.
針對以上測試結果，吉諾教授和莫吉內爾教授懷疑測試中的非道德行為是受自我反省控制的。為此，他們又設計了第三場試驗，其中半數人在測驗過程中眼前是擱有鏡子的。
Volunteers primed to think about money cheated 39% of the time when a mirror was present but 67% when it was not. Those primed to think about time cheated 32% of the time in the presence of the mirror and 36% in its absence—results that are statistically indistinguishable.
被灌輸金錢思想的一組，當現場設有鏡子時，參與者在39%的測試過程中出現作弊行為，而沒有鏡子時，則為67%。相同條件下，被灌輸時間觀念的一組，分別為32%和36%，該組前后結果基本沒什么變化。
Finally, a fourth experiment asked primed volunteers to fill in a questionnaire before tackling the matrix. In among “filler” questions intended to disguise what was happening this asked them to rate how they felt about self-reflective statements like, “Right now, I am thinking about who I am as a person.”
最后第四場實驗要求每位已有不同思想輸入的參與者在解決數陣前先完成一份問卷。問卷上設有掩飾之前不光彩行為的“補充性”問題，調查他們在看到自我反思表述語句時的想法與感受，如“此時此刻，我在思考著作為人，自己究竟是誰。”。
As in the previous tests, those primed with money words cheated more often than those primed with neutral words and far more often than those primed with time words. But whether someone cheated was also related to how strongly he felt about the self-reflective statements presented to him in the questionnaire.
之前的實驗結果顯示，被輸入金錢類詞匯的參與者作弊傾向最高，被輸入中心詞匯的其次，而被輸入時間類詞匯的作弊傾向為最小。但是，最后一次實驗證明，參與者是否作弊也受其在看到問卷上自我反思陳述時的內心感受所影響。
It seems, then, that thinking about time has the opposite effect on people from thinking about money. It makes them more honest than normal, rather than less so. Moreover, the more reflective they are, the more honest they become. There must be an aphorism in that.
由此，我們似乎可以得出這樣一個結論，時間觀念與金錢觀念對人們所產生的影響是截然不同的。時間觀念帶給個人誠信的只會是正能量，絕非負能量。而且，一個人越懂得反躬自省，那么他就越誠實。我想，對此必定也有那么一句格言的吧。譯者：徐珍 校對者：毛慧
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