評論
打印
Listen to part of a lecture in an animal behavior class.
聽一段動物行為課程。
All right, I hope you all had a chance to finish the assigned readings about animal play,
好了，我希望你們都有機會看完了指定的關于動物玩耍行為的閱讀材料，
because I want to spend some time discussing the different viewpoints presented in those articles.
因為我想花些時間討論這些文章里的不同觀點。
Let's start with the play-as-preparation hypothesis.
我們從“玩耍是一種準備工作”這種假設開始。
Jerry, can you explain that?
杰瑞，你能解釋一下嗎？
Yeah, play-as-preparation.
對，玩耍即準備。
The young animals play in order to get really good at certain specific things they'll need to do when they are adults.
年幼的動物會通過玩耍來使自己變得擅長于某些特定的技能，這些都是它們成年后需要用到的。
Things like chasing, pouncing, climbing.
像追捕、猛撲、攀爬。
In other words, they play in order to practice survival skills,
換句話說，它們通過玩耍來鍛煉生存技能，
like movements used in hunting and fighting.
像是在捕獵和搏斗中會用到的動作。
That hypothesis makes a lot of sense, like, maybe the most sense of all the theories we read about.
這種假設很合理，可能是在所有我們看到的理論中最合理的。
And, what leads you to that conclusion?
什么讓你得出這個結論？
Well, like wolves, the young pups, they fight a lot and bite, you know, not to hurt each other,
比如說狼，狼的幼崽，它們經(jīng)常打架，互相撕咬，你知道的，不會傷害對方，
but, just seems obvious why those wolf pups play like that,
但這些狼崽這樣玩耍的原因很明顯，
gives them practice with skills that'll make them better hunters or fighters as adults.
就是為了鍛煉技能，長大后能成為更好的捕獵者或斗士。
Oh, I don't know about that.
噢，我不知道。
I mean, some of the things the young animal does while playing are totally different from the things they will do as an adult.
我是指，一些年幼動物在玩耍時做的事和它們成年后所作的大有不同。
There was a really good example in the second article.
在第二篇文章中有個很好的例子。
I can't remember what it's called exactly… uh…self…
我不記得具體叫什么了……
Self-handicapping?
自我妨礙？
Right! Self-handicapping, like during a fake fight…uh… a play fight,
對！自我妨礙，就比如是在一場假搏斗中，嗯，玩耍性的搏斗，
if one of the animals is winning, the winning animal might just stop and give up its advantage.
假如其中一只動物要贏了，它可能會就此停下，放棄自己的優(yōu)勢。
Yes, and often a shift to a submissive posture, too.
對，而且還經(jīng)常會轉成順從姿態(tài)。
Of course self-handicapping hardly ever happens in a real fight,
當然了，自我妨礙在真正的搏斗中很少發(fā)生，
because in a real fight, well, the point is to win.
因為在真正的搏斗中，關鍵是要贏。
So this self-handicapping is important to take this into account before deciding to go with that first explanation,
所以第一種解釋必須以自我妨礙為前提，
and in fact, there really isn't much in the way of solid experimental evidence to support the play-as-preparation hypothesis.
事實上，真的沒有太多的堅實的實驗證據(jù)支持玩耍即準備的假設。
What about the other one, the flexibility hypothesis?
那另一個理論呢，靈活性理論？
Ah, yes. Let's talk about that.
啊，對。我們來說說這個。
