Traveling in a Tourist City一Nanjing
游覽旅游城——南京
1. Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum
Covering an area of 80 000 square meters，Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum is located in the Zhongshan Mountain Scenic Area in the east suburb of Nanjing City Jiangsu Province.
中山陵占地80000平方米，座落于江蘇省南京市東郊的鐘山風景區。
Dr. Sun Yat-sen(1866一1925)was a great forerunner of the Chinese democratic revolution and led by Dr. Sun the Chinese people brought down the corrupt rule of the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911)and ended 2 000 years of the feudal monarchy system，which led the Chinese peoples in to a new age.
孫中山是中國民主革命偉大的先驅者，在他的領導下，中國人民推翻了清王朝的腐敗統治，結束了2000年的封建君主政體，將中國各民族帶到了一個嶄新的時期。
The majestic Mausoleum construction was started in 1926 and completed in 1929. The whole Mausoleum Scenic Area represents an alarm bell as seen from the air，symbolizing the noble spirit and heroic efforts of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's devotion to the Chinese people，fight of oppression and winning the independence of China.Facing south，the structures，along with the mountain ascends gradually along with the central axis line running from south to the north and is regarded as the most outstanding mausoleum in Chinese modern architectural history.
宏偉莊嚴的中山陵1926年開工建設，于1929年建成。從空中看去，整個景區呈警鐘形，象征著孫中山先生為中國人民作出的貢獻，與壓迫者抗爭和取得中國獨立的崇高精神和英雄行為。陵墓坐北朝南，整個建筑群依山勢而建，由南往北沿中軸線逐漸升高，被視為中國現代建筑史上最杰出的陵墓建筑作品。
Traveling along the marble road，firstly you will arrive at half-moon square in the south of the Mausoleum. It is understated and modest，while endowing grandeur to the Mausoleum. Then at the entrance to the Mausoleum stands the great marble Paifang(memorial archway) on which is written“Bo Ai”meaning“love"Through the Paifang there is a passage of 480 meters long and 40 meters wide，on both sides of which stand orderly pine and cypresses trees. Continuing forward to the end of the passage，there is the Frontispiece，standing some 16.5 meters high and 27 meters wide. The Frontispiece has 3 archways，each of which has a pair of symmetrical enchased copper gates. 4 Chinese characters are inscribed on the lintel over the doorways written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen meaning“the world is common wealth" which fully explains the cause he struggled for during his life. Through the Frontispiece is a pavilion made of marble，in which a great stele，9 meters high and 4 meters wide，was erected by Kuomintang in memory of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. On the stele there are carved just 24 Chinese characters and no epitaph as people think that there are no words capable of representing this giant of modern China.
沿大理石通道前行，首先來到陵墓南部的一個半月形廣場。廣場在賦莊嚴予陵墓的同時，也顯得簡樸、莊重。陵墓人口處有高大的花崗石牌坊，上有中山先生手書的“博愛”兩個金字。一條長480米，寬40米的墓道穿過牌坊，兩旁依序聳立著蒼松翠柏。繼續前行，在墓道的尺頭，有一高16. 5米，寬27米的對稱銅雕刻三拱形陵門，門額上孫中山手跡“天下為公”四個大字，充分說明r孫中山光生一生中為之斗爭的事業。穿過陵門是一大理石碑亭，內有國民黨為紀念孫中山先生而立的一塊高約9米的碑石，上面僅刻有24個漢字，沒有墓志銘，因為人們認為，孫中山先生的思想和業績非文字所能概括。
Through the Pavilion，climbing along the stairs upward，the Sacrificial Hall is your next encounter. Here is the highest place of the Mausoleum，some 158 meters high. The Sacrificial Hall is located in the center of this plateau. It is an Alhambresque construction combining the architectures of both China and the West and is 30 meters long，25 meters wide and 29 meters high. Around the Sacrificial Hall，there are two 12. 6-meter-high Huabiao，or namental columns like those in Tiananmen Square. Entering the Hall，a 4. 6-meter-high stone statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen sits in the center. Dr. Sun wears long gown with eyes facing forward，with an open book on his lap，demonstrating the wisdom of the great thinker. At the foot of the statue，there are 6 embossments exhibiting in vivid pictures Dr. Sun Yat-sen's glorious life and struggles in his revolution of China. The door of the tomb is in the center of the back wall. The whole tomb is a hemispherical in shape，with the marble coffin of Dr. Sun Yat-sen set in the center of the chamber. His white marble statue rests atop the rectangle coffin，under which this historical giant forever sleeps.
穿過碑亭，拾梯上行，來到祭堂。這是中山陵最高處，高達158米。祭堂位于這最高處的中央，是結合中、西方建筑藝術的仿宮殿式建筑，長約30米，寬25米。高29米。祭堂平臺上有如同天安門廣場上的，高達12. 6米的華表兩座。進人祭堂，中央有中山先生高達4. 6米的大理石坐像。先生身著長袍，目視前言，膝上放著一本開頁的書卷，向世人展示著這位偉大的思想家的智慧和風采。像座四周有6處反映中山先生光輝一生和革命事跡的浮雕。堂后中央有一重墓門。整個陵墓呈半球狀，孫中山先生的大理石漢白玉靈樞落于墓室中央，其漢白玉臥像安臥在長方形靈樞上，下面便安睡著這位歷史偉人。
2. Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is one of the biggest imperial tombs in China. It lies in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing City at the southern foot of Zhongshan(Purple) Mountain. Emperor Chengzu，Zhu Yuanzhang，the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty(1368一1644)and Queen Ma were buried there.
明孝陵是中國古代最大的帝王陵寢之一，坐落在南京東郊的紫金山南麓。明朝(1368一1644)開國皇帝朱元璋和馬皇后就葬在這兒。
Construction of the mausoleum began in 1381 and was completed in 1431.In 1384，Queen Ma died and was buried there. Emperor Chengzu had bestowed upon her the title“queen of Xiao Ci”which means“queen of Filial Piety and Kindness" Hence，the name Ming Xiaoling derives from her title.
陵墓的建設始于1381年，于1431年完成。1384年，馬皇后去世后葬在這兒。朱元璋曾封予馬皇后“孝慈皇后”，意為“孝順和慈愛皇后”，此處由此得孝陵之名。
The mausoleum has two discrete sections:one is the Sacred Way area and the other is the main body of the mausoleum itself.
墓區的建筑大體分為兩組:第一組神道部分，第二組是主體部分。
Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum is renowned for its unique design，its eminent status，its amazing beauty and its magnificent scale. It is the milestone in the historical development of Chinese mausoleums. As an extension of the mperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，it is listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.
明孝陵以其獨特的設計、上佳的造型、令人瞠目的優美和宏大的規模而著稱。明孝陵是中國陵墓建筑發展史上的里程碑。 2003年7月，聯合國教科文組織世界遺產委員會第27屆會議將其作為“明清皇家陵寢”擴展項目而列入《世界遺產名錄》。
3. Confucius Temple(Fuzimiao)
The Confucius Temple in Nanjing was originally constructed in the year of 1034 in the Song Dynasty. It was a place to worship and consecrate Confucius，the great philosopher and educator of ancient China. It is also known as Fuzimiao in Chinese. This temple suffered repeated damage and has been rebuilt on several occasions since that time. 1937 was the most destruction when it was burnt to ruin by Japanese aggressors. In 1984 the temple was rebuilt under the support of the local government. During the long process，the original building expanded to be a tomplex building in the architectural style of the Ming and Qing dynasties，including the Confucius Temple itself, the Jiangnan Gongyuan(the place of imperial examinations)and the Xue Gong(the Imperial Academy)The complex is still called the Confucius Temple out of habit by locals and visitors.
南京孔廟始建于宋朝1034年，原先是供奉和祭祀中國古代哲學家和教育家孔子的地方。漢語中也稱之為夫子廟。自建成后，夫子廟兒經損毀和重建， 1937年被日本侵略者焚燒，這次的損毀最為慘重。在當地政府的支持下，1984年夫子廟得以重建。在這一反復重建的長期過程中，原先的建筑已擴展為明、清建筑風格的綜合建筑群，包括孔廟本身、江南貢院(皇家考試的地方)和學宮(皇家學校)。依據習慣.當地百姓和游客至今仍稱這個建筑群為夫子廟。
In front of the Confucius Temple，the Qin Huai River is flowing. On the south bank of the river, there is the longest screen wall in China which is 110-meter-long and piled with bricks. The Dacheng Hall is recommended on your trip. It is 16. 22 meters high and 28. 1 meters wide featuring a 1 .5-meter-high pedestal. There are two worthwhile attractions found in the inner hall. One is the largest figure of Confucius in China，the other one is the beautiful collection of 38 vivid panels which are made by various jade，gold and silver，detailing the life of Confucius. Out of the hall，you will see the bronze statue of Confucius as well as the white marble statues of his 8 disciples.
秦淮河從夫子廟前流過。河南岸有中國最長的照壁。照壁全長110米，用石磚壘成。大成殿高16. 22米，寬28. 1米，其特色是它的1.5米高的基座。此處應是必游之地。內殿有兩處值得一游的景點，一個是中國最大的孔子畫像，另一個是懸掛在四周墻壁上的，用各種玉、金、銀件成就的38幅反映孔子生平事跡的精美鑲嵌壁畫集。大殿之外，立著孔子的銅像，其弟子中八位賢人漢自玉塑像分班侍立。
The area around the temple consists of a series of tourist shops，snack bars，restaurants and tea cafes. They all appear to be in the architectural style of the Ming and Qing style. A variety of snacks encompassing 8 of the most famous flavours are available for purchase here. Everyone's individual tastes are well catered for. They are necessary parts of food culture in Nanjing.
夫子廟周圍分布著許多旅游商店、快餐店、餐廳和茶肆。這些建筑也都改建成了明清風格。這兒可以買到號稱“秦淮八絕”的8種最為著名的風味小吃。各種口味應有盡有，是南京飲一食文化必不可少的組成部分。
4. Zhonghua Gate(Chinese Gate)
Zhonghua Gate is the south gate of Nanjing City. A precious cultural relic.Zhonghua Gate has the double distinction of being the biggest castle-style city gate in China and a structural element of the most complicated castle in the world. It is the castle's magnificent scale，delicate structure，and the great skill with which it was built that bequeath it an important place in China's military and architectural traditions.
中華門為南京城正南門，是珍貴的文化遺產。中華門城堡是中國現存最大的城堡式甕城，是世界上結構最復雜的古城堡。中華門以其巨大、雄偉、壯觀的規模、復雜的結構和巧妙的設計而著稱，在中國軍事和建筑史上占有重要地位。
Construction of the castle took 21 years，from 1366 to 1387.The gate，originally called the“gate of Gathering Treasure" carries a legend from the time of its creation in the early Ming Dynasty. According to the legend，when ZhuYuanzhang，the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty，had the gate built，the ground kept sinking. The gate collapsed again and again. It was not until a treasure bowl was buried under the gate that it stood firm. In 1931，to commemorate the revolution of 191 I and the Republic of China(1919一1949)that emerged as a result，the Gate of Gathering Treasure was renamed Zhonghua Gate. In Chinese Pinyin，Republic of China is written as Zhonghua Minguo.
中華門始建于1366年，1幾1387年完工，前后歷時21年中華門最初叫作“聚寶門”，從明朝初期建造以來，其中便有一個傳說:明朝第一個皇帝朱元璋命人建完這座門時，這兒的地而不斷下沉，中華門隨建隨塌，直到在門下理下了一只聚寶盆才得以建成。1931年，為了紀念1911年革命運動和中華民國( 1919一1949 )，聚寶門改名為中華門。
Nanjing was the capital of China during the Ming Dynasty under the reign of Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang.(Zhu Di，the son of Zhu Yuanzhang moved the capital to Beijing in 1420.)In 1366，Zhu began to build a wall around the city of Nanjing to defend it from attack. The Gate of Gathering Treasure(Zhonghua Gate)was built on the site of a previous gate，the south gate of the city built during the Later Tang Dynasty. The new gate，the grandest among the 13 gates of the new castle，was an architecturally complex structure composed of 3 closed courtyards and 4 archeddoors serving as the entrance. There were double paneled wooden doors and with additional stone door set behind. If the enemy broke through the wooden doors，they could be separated and trapped in the 3 closed courtyards upon dropping the stone doors.
明朝朱元璋皇帝統治時期，南京是中國的首都(朱兒璋的兒子惠帝于1420年把首都移到北京)。1366年，朱兒璋開始修建環城墻，以防浸擾。聚寶門(中華門)沿用后唐(923一936)都城的城墻而建。新城堡的13通門口以新門為最大，是一座由3道甕城和用作入口的4道拱門組成的建筑群。各門都有雙扇木門，門后還附有一道石門。敵人攻破木門時，便將石門放下，把敵人截為三段，分別關在3道甕城之中分而殲之，猶如“甕中捉鱉”。
27 tunnels were built in the castle to store large quantities of tood and weapons and to hold approximately 3 000 soldiers. Wide and steep ramps were built on the east and west side to allow people to carry materials upward. The entire structure was built with massive bricks mortared together with special cement made from lime，sticky rice juice and tung oil. In order to guarantee the quality of the construction，every brick underwent a strict quality control process. The brick makers and builders were ordered to mark their names on each brick. Even today，it is possible to find Chinese characters and numbers on the bricks.
城堡中建有27個藏兵洞，可以貯存大量食物和武器，大約可以埋伏3 000名士兵。甕城東西兩側筑有陡峻壯闊的馬道，是戰時運送軍需物資登城的快道。整個建筑采用大磚與石灰、糯米汁和桐油拌合砌成。為了保證建筑質量，每塊城磚都經歷了嚴格的檢驗程序。每塊磚上都印有制磚工匠和監造官員的姓名。時至今日，還可能會看到刻有漢字和編號的城磚。
Qin Huai River，a branch of the great Yangtze River，is 34 kilometers in length and covers a drainage area of 2 631 square kilometers. The river was originally called Huaihe River，and it is said that the river was channeled to the city of Nanjing during the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang，so it was named Qin Huai River from then on.
秦淮河是長江的一個支流，全長34公里，流域面積為2 631平方公里。秦淮河最初叫作淮i可，據說是秦始皇統治期間開鑿到南京的，從那時起這條河便稱為秦淮河。
Qin Huai River is the largest river in the Nanjing City area and is一 the“life'"blood"of the city. Olin Huai River is so fascinating that it captures the imaginations of people both at home and abroad.
秦淮河是南京第一大河，也是南京地區最大的一條河流，是這座城市的“生命源泉”。秦淮河十分迷人，使海內外游客心動神移。
There are many famous sites of interest along the banks of Qin Huai River，including Confucius Temple，Zhanyuan Garden， Zhonghua Gate and the sights along the Taoye Ferry ride to Zhenhuai Bridge.
秦淮河畔有許多著名的景點，包括夫子廟、瞧園、中華門和從桃葉子十渡至鎮江淮橋一帶的秦淮水上游船和沿河河景觀。
Qin Huai River is divided into inner and outer rivers. The most frequented place along the inner river is the Confucius Temple. Zhonghua Gate，the largest city door in China as well as the best-preserved and most intricate city door in the world，is also found along the inner river. Finally，there is the Zhanyuan Garden，which was constructed in the Ming Dynasty and is the oldest existing garden in the city.
秦淮河分內河和外河，夫子廟是游客常去的內河景點。中囚最大的，也是世界上保存報完好，結構最復雜的城堡中華門就在內河邊上。瞻園是明朝時期建造的，是南京現存最為古老的園林。
The outer river resides between Yangjiawan lock and Qin Huai lock. In June 2005，the area was designated by the government as a new tourist route，because it encompasses views of Nanjing City，a city wall from the Ming Dynasty，and the Jiangsu Nanjing TV Tower，etc.While floating on one of the traditional，recently modernized，painted boats of the region，visitors will have the opportunity to fully appreciate the beautiful sights of the Qin Huai River.
外河位于長江閘和秦淮閘之間。2005年6月，政府將這一地區辟為新的旅游路線，因為它環括了南京景觀、一段時城墻和江蘇南京電視塔等。乘坐在既古老又摩登，上了彩漆的小船之中在外河上漂流，可以有幸盡情欣賞秦淮河的美麗風光。
The Rain Flower Terrace(Yuhua Tai)，which is one of the representative scenic spots in Nanjing，is located in the south of the city，occupying an area of 153.7 hecters. The Rain Flower Terrace is rich in historical monuments as well as natural scenery，and presents an irresistible beauty to visitors. The site got its name，Rain Flower terrace，since the Liang Dynasties about 1 400 years ago，when a legendary monk，Yunguang，preached the doctrines of Buddhism here. The monk was so e1oquent that the heavenly God was moved by his preach and rain flowers like a shower，hence the name“Rain Flower Terrace".The significance of the Rain Flower Terrace in modern Chinese history is intensified because it was an executive ground of revolutionary martyrs and has been converted into a memorial site.Now, at the scenic spot，there are the solemn and magnificent memorial relics and plants of all kinds decorating the site with green all the year round，needless to mention，the well-known Rain Flower Stones and Rain Flower Tea，therefore，multifunctions of education，recreation and tourism are integrated into the place. The Rain Flower Terrace becomes the National Unit of important Monument Protection，the National Education Base of Patriotism and the National AAAA Tourist Site.
雨花臺是南京標志性旅游景點，位于南京城南，占地153.7公頃。雨花臺有眾多的歷史紀念碑和自然景觀，誘人的景色美不勝收。雨花臺得名于南朝時期。傳說當時有位叫云光的法師在此講授佛經，感動了上天，落花如雨，故稱“雨花臺”。在中國現代史中，由于這兒是革命先烈英勇就義的地方，雨花臺具有了更大的重要意義，廠成為革命紀念勝地如今，這里有氣勢雄偉，全國規模最大的烈士紀念建筑群和郁郁蔥蔥的山林，四季應時的花草，還有馳名中外的雨花石和聞名遐邇的雨花茶等，已成為集教育、休閑和旅游為一體的多功能風景名勝區。雨花臺是個國重點文物保護單位、全國愛國上義教育示范基地和國家4A級名勝旅游區。
7. Purple Mountain Observatory
Purple Mountain Observatory is located in Zhongshan Mountain(Purple Mountain)Scenic Area in the east suburb of Nanjing City. Seen from afar，the white domed buildings are shining brightly in the sun. Finished in 1934，it is the earliest and one of the most famous observatories in China. Of milestone significance，it symbolizes the threshold of Chinese modern astronomy.
紫金山天文臺位于南京東郊鐘山風景區遠遠望去，銀白色的圓拱形建筑在陽光下閃閃發光。紫金山天文臺建成于1934年，是中國最一早的天文臺，也是最著名的天文臺之一，具有里程碑意義，標志著中國現代天文學的開始。
At the beginning，the observatory enjoyed a great reputation for its splendid architectures，rare apparatus and abundant books. The 60-centimeter-caliber refleeting telescope，the 2o-centimeter-caliber refracting telescope(both made in Germany)and the meridian transit made by Swiss were almost the most advanced equipment of the time. And they are still housed in the observatory. Now，it is well equipped with modern facilities used for doing experiments and observing the sun，the moon，the planets，the fixed stars and satellites.
建成伊始，紫金山天文臺以其壯麗的建筑風格、珍貴的儀器設置和豐富的藏書資料而著稱。60厘米口徑反射式望遠鏡、20厘米門徑拆光式望遠鏡(均為德國產)和瑞士造子午儀幾乎是當時最為先進的儀器。這些儀器依然存放在紫金山天文臺里。如今，紫金山天文臺已裝備了用來做試驗和觀察太陽、月亮、行星、恒星和衛星的現代化設置。
8. The Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre
On Dec. 13th，1927.the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and during the following 6 weeks bore witness to the inhumane disgrace and bloody massacre exerted on the city. No less than 300 000 innocent civilians and unarmed Chinese soldiers were brutally slaughtered in mass and individual beheadings，burying alive， burning，and killing races. More than 20 000 women were raped and many were then killed. A third of the architectures together with their contents were damaged by fire and countless shops，stores and residences were looted and sacked. Corpses were seen floating on rivers and littered the streets and lanes. Whether they were children or the aged，from residents to nuns，few could escape from the savage atrocity.
1937年12月13 日，日本軍隊占領了南京，在隨后的6個星期里，他們對南京人民進行了滅絕人性的血腥屠殺。30萬無辜市民和手無寸鐵的中國士兵慘遭殺戮、活埋、焚燒和死于日軍的殺人競賽。2萬多婦女被強奸，其中許多被奸后殺死。三分之一建筑連同其中的物品都被焚燒，無數店鋪、商場和居所慘遭掠奪和洗劫。河面上漂浮著尸體，街道和小巷中也隨處可見。不論是兒童還是老人，是居民還是修女，很少有人逃脫這次野蠻的暴行。
The Memorial Hall to the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre was built by Nanjing Municipal Government in 1985 and extended in 1995，covering an area of 28 000square meters. It is located in Jiangdongmen，one of the execution sites and mass burial places of the massacre. Solemn and imposing，the grey marble architecture consists of three parts:the outdoor exhibits，the remaining bones of the victims and the exhibition hall for historical documents. Two marble walls are engraved with the name of the haN and“300，000 Victims”3 large groups of carved reliefs and 17 small tablets upon which the major sites and historical facts of the massacre are carved，surrounded by withered trees and cobblestones,the wall upon which the names of the victims are listed and the atonement tablet,together form a permanent and moving record of the bloody tragedy.
1985年，南京市政府修建了南京大屠殺紀念館，并J1995年將其擴大為占地面積28 000平方米的紀念館。紀念館位于侵華日軍集體屠殺遣址和遇難同胞叢葬地之一的南京城西江東門。這座莊嚴肅穆的灰自大理石建筑由3部分組成:外景展區、遇難者遺什陳列室和史料陳列室。兩座人理石墻壁上雕刻著展廳的名稱和“死難者300 000”幾個大字。枯樹、鵝卵石包圍之中的3座浮雕群和17塊上面刻著這次大屠殺的主要遺址和歷史見證書實的小型碑刻、遇難者名單墻和贖罪碑一起，是這次血腥屠殺悲劇的一個永久性記錄。
評論
打印
