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Balkan warriors abroad
國外的巴爾干戰士
Fight the good fight
為正義而戰
With the Western Balkans at peace, some go abroad to look for war
西巴爾干地區一片和平，有些人因此赴國外參戰
FROM the Sea of Azov to Aleppo, fighters from the western Balkans are at war. So worried are their governments that laws have been passed to make fighting abroad illegal, and their security services co-operate with foreign ones to monitor them. The numbers are small, but the Balkans looms relatively large on foreign battlefields.
來自西巴爾干地區的戰士在亞速海至阿勒頗〔敘利亞城市〕一帶作戰。西巴爾干各國政府為此憂心如焚，遂立法，規定國外參戰屬違法行為，同時各國安全部門與國外相應部門合作，以監控本國戰士。巴爾干地區的參戰人數雖少，但他們在國外戰場上的蹤跡相當廣泛。
Orthodox Christian Serbs are joining pro-Russian rebels in Ukraine while Catholic Croats fight on Ukraine's side. Muslim Albanians, Bosniaks and Muslims from Sandzak, the area straddling Serbia and Montenegro, have gone to fight inIraq and Syria. All spread their messages online and send greetings to one another. Last month two gloating Croats speaking on YouTube said “Hope to see you soon!” to their Serb “friends”. For Serbs and Croats, this war is a replay of their own conflict in the 1990s as much as an adventure or crusade.
信奉東正教的塞爾維亞人在烏克蘭加入支持俄羅斯的反政府軍，而信奉天主教的克羅地亞人則代表烏克蘭戰斗。信奉穆斯林的阿爾巴尼亞人、波斯尼亞人以及桑扎克地區（跨越塞爾維亞與黑山兩國的地帶）的人遠赴伊拉克與敘利亞作戰。所有戰士在網上傳遞訊息，并相互問候。3月份，兩名克羅地亞人甚至洋洋自得地在YouTube上發布視頻，向他們的塞爾維亞“朋友”說“希望快點見到你們！”。對于塞爾維亞人和克羅地亞人而言，這場戰爭重演了20世紀90年代他們的內部沖突，可以說是一次冒險經歷，也可以說是一場宗教戰爭。
Recently Serbs in eastern Ukraine have been more taken up with their internal conflicts. The highest-profile Serb in eastern Ukraine is Radomir Pocuca, once a spokesman for Serbia's interior ministry. Last month he was captured by other Serb fighters. He was humiliated by pictures on Facebook of him bound and blindfolded, wearing a shirt emblazoned with a Serbian flag and the motto “Serbian Honour”.
然而，烏克蘭東部的塞爾維亞人可能更關注的是他們的內部沖突。這些人當中名聲最大的當屬Radomir Pocuca，他曾擔任塞爾維亞內務部的發言人。3月份，一些同胞戰士將其逮捕，他們在Facebook上發布了Radomir Pocuca的照片，照片中他被捆綁著，蒙住眼睛，身穿印有塞爾維亞國旗圖案和“塞爾維亞人的榮耀”字樣的T恤，以此來羞辱他。
Many Serbs are affiliated to small ultranationalist groups. They loathe their government, hate the European Union and are against joining NATO. They believe they are fighting a Christian fight. In this they are like the Croats who have joined Ukraine's Azov Battalion, a unit notorious for its neo-Nazi symbol that has attracted volunteers from the far right across Europe.
很多塞爾維亞人屬于小型極端民族主義組織成員。他們憎惡政府，憎恨歐盟，反對加入北約組織。他們認為自己是為正義而戰。這一點與克羅地亞人相似，后者加入了烏克蘭的亞速軍營。該部隊因采用新的納粹主義標志而遠近聞名，吸引了來自歐洲各地的極右主義人士。
Although they get much attention, says Kacper Rekawek, a Polish researcher, there are relatively few foreigners in Ukraine, other than Russians. He reckons about 300 fighters have passed through on each side. But with up to 100 Serbs having fought for the rebels, they have been among the biggest group of foreigners. Croats, with 25-odd fighters, have been the third-largest foreign contingent on Ukraine's side.
波蘭研究學家Kacper Rekawek表示，盡管他們吸引了不少目光，但烏克蘭境內的外國人除俄羅斯人外，相當之少。他認為，雙方各有約300名戰士進入境內。但在反政府軍中作戰的塞爾維亞人高達100人，成為最大的外國作戰團。而作戰的克羅地亞人約有25人，成為支持烏克蘭政府的第三大外國戰隊。
In Syria and Iraqthe numbers are a lot bigger. Shpend Kursani, author of a report on Kosovars fighting there, says he has identified 232. There have been 330 Bosnians, 90 Albanians, 70 Serbians and 12 Macedonians. The leader of the Albanian contingent in Islamic State is Lavdrim Muhaxheri who, one returned member told Mr Kursani, is obsessed with his ratings on social media. Mr Muhaxheri has made one video in which he beheads an Iraqi captive. Mr Kursani finds that, when jihadists are counted as a percentage of countries' populations, Kosovo is top of a list of 22 countries,Bosnia second and Albania fourth. As a percentage of Muslims in each country, though, Kosovo comes 14th, between Germany and Spain. Bosniais 11th and Albania 20th. The top nine countries are west European.
而在敘利亞和伊拉克參戰的人數相比甚多。科索沃作戰報告的作者Shpend Kursani表示已確定232人的身份，其中波斯尼亞人330名，阿爾巴尼亞人90名，塞爾維亞人70名，馬其頓人12名。一名回國戰士向他透露，位于伊斯蘭國的阿爾巴尼亞人戰隊領導人是Lavdrim Muhaxheri，他癡迷于增加自己在社會媒體中的人氣。這位領導人親手砍下一名伊拉克俘虜的人頭，并錄下視頻。Kursani學者發現，如果以整個國家的人口作為基數，科索沃的圣戰主義者在22個國家當中所占比例最大，波斯尼亞第二，阿爾巴尼亞第四。然而，如果以每個國家的穆斯林人口作為基數，那么科索沃的圣戰主義者所占比例居于十四位，位于德國和西班牙之間。波斯尼亞位居十一位，阿爾巴尼亞二十位。位居前九名的國家均來自于西歐。
According to Mr Kursani, most Kosovars in Syria are from rural areas and poorly educated. Nearly two-fifths have criminal records. Some 34 are known to have been killed. Contrary to popular belief, which blames Saudi influence, Mr Kursani finds that the fighters have been motivated by the Takfiri ideology, which has been spreading recently into Kosovo through Albanian imams living in Macedonia, who first embraced it in Egypt.
根據Kursani的研究，在敘利亞的大部分科索沃人來自偏遠地區，受教育程度低。近五分之二的人有過犯罪記錄。而已知的戰死人數約為34人。他發現，由于受沙特人的不良影響，這些戰士沒有相信普遍觀點，相反，在塔克菲理思想的激化下赴外作戰。該思想最近通過居住在馬其頓的阿爾巴尼亞籍伊瑪目（清真寺內率領穆斯林做禮拜的人）傳入科索沃，傳入者在埃及首次皈依于這一思想。
Most fighters face arrest when they return (though not in Croatia, where fighting in foreign wars is not outlawed). This may be why fewer are going now. Balkan governments want neither extreme nationalists nor violent Islamists causing trouble. What is striking is the degree to which, apart from their religions, most Balkan fighters are so broadly united: against liberalism and the West.
大部分戰士回國后會被逮捕（然而，克羅地亞除外，參加國外戰爭在該國并不違法）。這也許是現在幾乎無人回國的原因。巴爾干各國政府既不歡迎極端民族主義者，也不歡迎暴力、惹事端的伊斯蘭教人士。然而，這些巴爾干戰士存宗教信仰之異，如此廣泛地團結起來反對自由主義和西方世界，著實讓人震驚。翻譯：石海霞 校對：曾擎禹
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