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Narrator:Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.
獨白:聽下面藝術史課程上的演講。
Professor:OK, now urn, a sort of paradigmatic art form of the Middle Ages was stained glass art.
教授:好的，現在的話，嗯，中世紀的一種典范的藝術形式就是宗教鑲窗彩繪。
Stained glass of course is simply glass that has been colored and cut into pieces and re-assembled to form a picture or a decorative design.
這種玻璃彩繪當然就是指那種把噴涂了色彩的玻璃切分成小塊再重新組裝成畫或者裝飾物的藝術品。
To truly experience the beauty of this decorative glass you should see it with light passing through it, especially sunlight, which is why stained glass is usually used for windows.
要真正領略這種起裝飾作用的彩色玻璃的美感，你就應該觀察它被光透射時的樣子。正是因為陽光透射時所產生的美感，這種玻璃一般都被用在窗戶上。
But of course it has other uses, especially nowadays.
但它當然也會有別的用途，特別是現今。
Urn, anyway the art of making stained glass windows developed in Europe, urn, during the Middle Ages and was closely relate to church building.
嗯，不管怎樣，鑲窗玻璃彩繪發起于歐洲，嗯，時間是中世紀，并且和宗教建筑有很大關系。
In the early 1lOOs a church building method was developed that reduced the stress on the walls so more space could be used for window openings allowing for large and quite elaborate window designs.
12 世紀早期興起的一種教堂修筑方法減小了墻壁的承重需求，使得墻面上有更多空間可以被做成窗戶，這使得更大面積、更精細的窗口設計成為了可能。
Back then, the artists made their own glass, but first they came up with the design.
當時，藝術家們自己制造各自所用的玻璃，但先聚在一起謀劃設計。
Paper was scarce and expensive, so typically they drew the design onto a white tabletop.
紙張那時稀有且昂貴，所以他們就把設計圖畫在一張白色桌布上。
They'd draw the principal outline but also outline the shape of each piece of glass to be used and indicate its color. Now in the window itself the pieces of glass would be held together by strips of lead.
他們不僅畫出大致的輪廓，而且還會勾勒出每一塊會被鉛條拼在一起的小玻璃的形狀。
So in the drawing the artists would also indicate the location of the lead strips. Then you could put a big piece of glass on the tabletop and see the design right through it and use it to guide the cutting of the glass into smaller pieces.
所以，在繪制的圖紙中，藝術家們也會標明鉛條的位置，然后才能把一大塊玻璃放到這張桌布上，由此觀察設計細節，并以之幫助把整塊玻璃切分成許多小塊。
Student:And the lead that was just to hold the pieces of glass together?
學生:同時鉛條也會被塑造成一定形狀，以便將切分出來的小玻璃片聚集在一起嗎？
Professor:Well, lead is strong and flexible so it's ideal for joining pieces of glasses cut in different shapes and sizes.
教授:鉛條既有硬度也有韌性，所以它是拼接各種形狀、大小的玻璃片的理想材料。
But up to the 15th century the lead strips also helped create the design.
但是直到 15 世紀，鉛條才被考慮成為設計因素和創新所在。
They were worked into the window as part of the composition.
它們成為了窗口的設計的一部分。
They were used to outline figures to show boundaries just like you might use solid lines in a pencil drawing.
它們被用作各種素材的輪廓線，就像你們在畫鉛筆畫時外圍的實心線。
Student:How did they get the color'? I mean how did they color the glass?
學生:玻璃畫是怎么有顏色的？我的意思是，畫家們是如何給玻璃畫上色的呢？
Professor:Well up until the 16th century stained glass was colored during the glass making process itself.
教授:嗯，直到 16 世紀之前，玻璃畫一直都是在玻璃的制造工藝中上色的。
You got specific colors by adding metallic compounds to the other glass making ingredients.
假如在煉制玻璃的配方中假如不同的金屬混合物，我們就能獲得不同顏色的玻璃。
So if you wanted red you added copper if you wanted green you added iron.
譬如，如果想要紅色，我們就添加銅；如果要綠色，就添加鐵。
You just added these compounds to the other ingredients that the glass was made of.
我們只需要在玻璃成分中加入這些物質就好。
Student:So each piece of glass is just one color?
學生:這樣的話，每一片玻璃都只有一種顏色了？
Professor:Yes, at least up until the 16th century.
教授:是的，直到 16 世紀都是這樣。
Then they started... urn.. .you started to get painted glass.
之后，藝術家們開始，嗯，開始用彩色玻璃。
Painted glass windows are still referred to as stained glass but the colors were actually painted directly onto clear glass after the glass was made.
和之前的玻璃一樣，彩色玻璃窗名稱沒有發生變化，依舊被稱作鑲窗玻璃，但實際上制作工藝卻不同了:在玻璃制造出來以后，各種顏色才會被噴涂上去。
So um with this kind of stained glass you could paint a piece of glass with more than one color.
嗯，這種鑲窗玻璃可以使得每一小片玻璃上出現多種顏色。
Student:And with painted glass they still used the lead strips?
學生:彩色玻璃依舊用鉛條框鑲嵌在一起嗎？
Professor:Yes, with really large windows it took more than one piece of glass, so you still needed lead strips to hold the pieces together.
教授:是的，那些大窗戶要用到多塊玻璃，所以我們還需要用鉛條把這幾塊玻璃捆綁在一起。
But the painters actually tried to hide them.
但是畫師們開始有意識地隱藏鉛條了。
So it was different from before when the lead strips were part of the design.
所以，這和以前鉛條被看成是設計的一部分又有些許差異了。
And it is different, because with painted glass the idea of light coming through to create the magical effect wasn't the focus any more.
并且這樣的差異是由于彩色玻璃投入使用后通過光穿透玻璃來制造奇幻效果的設計思路淡出了人們的思維。
The paintwork was. And painted glass windows became very popular.
視覺效果的造成被轉移到了噴漆過程中。
In the 19th century, people started using them in private houses and public buildings.
并且，到了 19 世紀，噴繪彩色玻璃變得非常普遍；人們開始用它來裝飾私人住宅和其他公共建筑。
Unfortunately, many of the original stained glass windows were thought to be old fashioned and they were actually destroyed, replaced by painted glass.
不幸的是，許多被鑒定為最老式的鑲窗玻璃如今已被損毀，或者替換成了噴繪彩色玻璃。
Student:They actually broke them? That showed good judgment, real foresight, didn't it?
學生:工作人員換玻璃時居然將這些老式玻璃打碎了嗎？那難道意味著好的判斷力，或者真正的遠見，對嗎？
Professor:Yes, if only they had known.
教授:是吧！要是當時能夠明白就好了。
Uh, and it's not just that old stained glass is really valuable today, we lost possibly great artwork.
嗯，倒不是說這些老式的鑲窗玻璃到今天會有多么有價值，而是我們可能因為它們的損毀失去偉大的藝術品。
But luckily there was a revival of the early techniques in the mid-1800s and artists went back to creating colored glass and using the lead strips in their designs.
不過，幸運的是，到了 19 世紀中期，早期的老式工藝有所復興，藝術家們重新開始在設計中使用有色玻璃和鉛條。
The effects are much more beautiful.
這些作品就漂亮得多。
In the 19th century Louis Tiffany came up with methods to create beautiful effects without having to paint the glass.
19 世紀時劉易斯·題芬妮發明了不用噴涂玻璃也能制造出奇妙視覺效果的方法。
He layered pieces of glass and used thin copper strips instead of lead, which let him make these really intricate flowery designs for stained glass, which are used in lamp shades.
他將幾層玻璃疊放在一起，并用薄銅片替換了鉛條，這使得他設計出花紋式樣的鑲窗玻璃成為可能。這種設計后來被用到了燈罩上，
You've heard of Tiffany lamp shades right?
你們都聽說過題芬妮燈罩吧？
These of course took advantage of the new innovation of electric lighting.
這種設計當然利用了新發明出來的電燈的特性。
Electric light bulbs don't give quite the same effect as sunlight streaming through stained glass but it's close.
電燈泡發出的光與太陽光在通過鑲窗玻璃時的效果不一樣，但非常接近。
So layered glass, Tiffany glass, became very popular and still is today.
所以，層疊玻璃，題氏玻璃，逐漸變得非常普及了，直到今天依舊如此。
So let's look at some examples of different types of stained glass from each era.
那我們現在來看看幾款來自不同時代的鑲窗玻璃的圖例吧！
