評論
打印
Pro:The 19 century was the time that thought what we called: Realism developing in European in theater.
教授:19世紀是我們所謂思想的時代：現實主義在歐洲劇院得以發展。
Um.. to understand this thought, we first need to look at the early form of drama known as the well-made play,
為了理解這一思想，我們首先需要研究早期被稱作“佳構劇”的戲劇形式，
which basically was a pattern for constructing plays,
這是一種構成戲劇最基本的形式，
plays that the beginning with some early 19 century's comedies in France proved very successful commercially.
這些戲劇以19世紀早期法國戲劇為代表在商業上最為成功。
The dramatic devises use here word actually anything new, they have been around for centuries.
這些戲劇性的發明并不是什么新鮮東西，它們存在已久。
But the formula for well-made play required certain elements being included,
但是佳構劇的規則需要遵循一些特定排列的元素，
in a particular order, and most importantly, that everything in the plays be logically connected.
并且最重要的是劇中的每一情節都要在邏輯上緊密相連。
In fact, some of the player writes would start by writing the end of the play.
事實上，一些作品的編劇經常會在一開始就把結尾寫好。
And the word 'backward' toward the beginning, just to make sure each event let logically from what has gone before.
此外倒敘一詞就是為了確保全劇能夠與之前發生的情節保持邏輯上的一致。
Ok, what are the necessary elements of well-made play?
好了，佳構劇有哪些必備元素呢？
Well, the first is logical exposition.
首先是邏輯敘述。
Exposition is whatever background information you have to review to the audience.
敘述是為了說明一切觀眾需要知道的背景信息。
So, they all understand what is going on.
那么這樣他們就會明白到底發生了什么。
Before this time, exposition might come from the actors simply giving speeches.
在這之前，敘述僅僅是以一名演員做演講的形式進行的。
Someone might watch out the stage and see:lyric quotation.
這些人會走到舞臺上說：臺詞引用，
And until all about the felting family of Romeo and Julie,
一直到羅密歐與朱麗葉兩個宿敵的家庭出現。
but for the well-made play, even the exposition had to be logic, believable.
但是對于佳構劇來說，即便是敘述，也必須符合邏輯，令人信服。
So, for example, you might have two servants gossiping as they are cleaning the house.
比如說你可能會看見兩個傭人一邊收拾房子一邊閑談，
And one says, Oh, what a shame master sound still not married.
而一人說道：“怎么主人的兒子還沒結婚？”。
And the other might mention that a rumor about the mysterious a gentle men who just moved into the town with his beautiful daughter.
另外一人則會提到有關一位神秘的紳士和他的美麗女兒剛剛搬進城的謠言。
These comments are parts of the play logical exposition.
這些評論都是劇中邏輯敘述的一部分。
The next key elements of the well-made play refer to as the inciting incidents.
接下來的關鍵元素叫做煽動事件。
After we have the background information, we need a king moment to get things moving,
有了背景信息之后，我們需要一個關鍵點來使得整個劇情得以進展，
they really make the audience interested in what is happened to the characters we just heard about it.
它們必須使觀眾對我們剛剛聽說的角色感興趣。
So, for example, after the two servants review all this background information, we need the young man.
比如說，當兩個傭人揭示了所有的背景信息之后，我們就需要者個年輕人上場。
Just is he first lies eyes on the beautiful woman, and he immediately falls in love.
他第一眼看到這個美麗姑娘就愛上了她。
This is the inciting incidence.
這就是煽動事件，
It sets off, the plot of the play.
它引發了接下來的劇情。
Now, the plot of well-made plays is usually driven by secrets.
現在，佳構劇的劇情通常都是由謎團驅使的。
Things, the audiences know, but the characters often don't know.
觀眾知道一些事情，但是劇中角色可是不清楚。
So, for example, the audience learned through a letter or through someone else's conversation. Who is the mysterious gentle man is,
比如說，觀眾通過一封信或者某人的對話中得知這個神秘的男子是誰，
and why he left the town many years before.
為什么他多年前離開了家鄉。
But the young man doesn't know about this.
但是這個年輕人并不知道這些，
And the woman doesn't understand the ancient connection between her family and he is.
而這個女人也不知道他們兩家之間這種遙遠的聯系。
Before the secret are reviewed to the main character,
在這個謎團揭曉之前，
the plot of the play perceived as the series of the sorts of the up and down moments.
該劇本的情節被稱為跌宕起伏的時刻。
For example, the woman first appears not to even notice the young man,
比如這個女人起初看上去并未注意到這個年輕人，
and it seems to him like the end of the world.
而這對于小伙子來說就像世界末日一樣。
But then, he learns that the she actually wants to meet him too.
但是接下來，他得知她也想見他。
So, life is wonderful.
所以說人生時時刻刻都精彩。
Then, if he tries to talk with her, maybe her father get furious, for no apparent reason.
接下來，如果他試著和她說話，那么可能她父親會莫名其妙的極其憤怒，
So, they cannot see each other.
因此他們彼此不能相見。
But, just the young man has almost loved all hopes, he finds out, well you get the idea, the reversal the fortune continue,
但是就在這個男人幾乎絕望之時，他發現時來運轉了，
increasing the audience's tension and excitement.
這就使得觀眾更加緊張和激動。
They can wonder that everything is going to come out or care it not.
他們會很想知道事情的結局是好是壞。
Next come in, elements known as the:An obligatory scene.
接下來引入的元素叫做必要場景。
It's scene, a moment in which all the secrets are reviewed.
它是一種所有謎團都會揭曉的場景。
In generally, things turn out well for the hero and others we are care about, a happy ending of some sorts.
通常來說，那些英雄和我們關注的人物都會以好的結局收尾。
This became so popular that the playwright almost had to include it in every play which is why is called:the obligatory scene.
這實在是非常迎合大眾以致于劇作家們不得不把它們納入劇中成為必要場景。
And that's followed by the final dramatic element-the denouement or the resolution,
這之后就會出現最終最具戲劇性的元素-結局或者解決，
when all the lucent have to be tight up in the logical way.
這個時候所有已經明朗的情節一個個按照邏輯緊密相連。
Remember, the obligatory scene gives the audience emotional pleasure.
記住，必要場景給觀眾的是情感愉悅。
But the denouement offers the audience a logical conclusion.
而結局給觀眾的是邏輯結尾。
That's the subtle distinction we need to try very hard to keep in mind.
這是我們必須要極力分辨的細微差別。
So, as I said, the well-made play, this form of playwriting, became the base for realism in drama, and for a lot of very popular 19 century plays.
那么就像我說的一樣，佳構劇成為了現實主義戲劇以及 19 世紀很多受歡迎戲劇的基石。
And also, a pattern we find in plots of later many play, and even movies that we see it today.
不僅如此，它還是之后很多喜劇情節的模式，甚至包括我們今天看的電影。
