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Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.
聽下面生物課講座的一部分。
The class is discussing animal behavior.
這堂課討論的是動物行為。
Ok, the next kind of animal behavior I want to talk about might be familiar to you.
好的,接下來我要談論的動物行為你們可能很熟悉。
You may have seen, for example, a bird that's in the middle of a mating ritual, and suddenly it stops and preens,
你們可能已經見過,例如,一只在交配儀式中間的鳥,突然停下來并用嘴整理羽毛,
you know, takes a few moments to straighten its feathers, and then returns to the mating ritual.
你們都應該知道,需要一些時間整理羽毛,然后繼續交配儀式。
This kind of behavior, this doing something that seems completely out of place, is what we call a 'Displacement Activity'.
這種行為,做一些似乎完全不適合情理的行為,就是我們所說的替換活動。
Displacement activities are activities that animal's engaging in when they have conflicting drives.
替換活動是動物在矛盾沖突驅使情況下所從事的活動。
If we take our example from a minute ago, if the bird is afraid of its mate, it's conflicted.
如果舉一分鐘前我們的例子,如果鳥害怕它的伴侶,這無疑是矛盾的。
It wants to mate but it's also afraid and wants to run away.
它渴望伴侶但同樣會感到害怕,并且想要逃跑。
So, instead, it starts grooming itself.
所以,相反,它開始打扮自己。
So, the displacement activity, the grooming, the straightening of its feathers, seems to be an irrelevant behavior.
所以,替換活動，梳理、整理羽毛看似是一種無關緊要的行為。
So, what do you think another example of a displacement activity might be?
所以,你們能想到替換活動的另一個例子嗎?
How about an animal that, um, instead of fighting its enemy or running away, it attacks a plant or a bush?
一只動物,嗯,不是和敵人戰斗或逃跑,而是攻擊一棵植物或一株灌木如何?
That's really good suggestion, Karl.
這個建議真的很不錯,卡爾。
But that's called 'redirecting'.
但是,這就是所謂的重新定向。
The animal is redirecting its behavior to another object,
動物重新定義其動作給另一個對象,
in this case, the plant or the bush.
在你的例子中另一個對象就是植物或灌木。
But that's not an irrelevant or inappropriate behavior.
但這并不是一種無關緊要或不恰當的行為。
The behavior makes sense.
這種行為是有意義的。
It's appropriate under the circumstances.
在你的例子中它是合適的。
But what doesn't make sense is the object the behavior's directed towards.
但是沒有意義是對象行為的指向。
Ok, who else? Carol?
好的,還有誰?卡羅爾能舉出好的例子嗎?
I think I read in another class about an experiment where an object that the animal was afraid of was put next to its food-next to the animal's food.
我想到自己曾在另一節課讀到過一次實驗,一只實驗動物害怕食物—食物的旁邊有只動物。
And the animal, it was conflicted between confronting the object and eating the food, so instead, it just fell asleep.
而這只動物在面對目標及吃食物間產生了矛盾,所以,它的反應是睡覺。
Like that?
像這樣的例子?
That's exactly what I mean.
這正是我的意思。
Displacement occurs because the animal's got two conflicting drives – two competing urges, in this case, fear and hunger.
替換是由于動物有兩種相互矛盾所驅使-兩種相互競爭的欲望,在你的例子中是恐懼和饑餓。
And what happens is, they inhibit each other,
而所發生的是,它們相互抑制,
they cancel each other out in a way,
以某種方式相互抵消,
and a third seemingly irrelevant behavior surfaces through a process that we call 'Disinhibition'.
而貫穿過程之中表面上第三種看似無關的行為,我們將其稱之為抑制解除。
Now in disinhibition, the basic idea is that two drives that seem to inhibit, to hold back, a third drive.
現在抑制解除，基本的概念是兩種欲望似乎抑制,為了抑制,出現第三種方式。
Or, well, they're getting in a way of each in a… in a conflict situation and somehow lose control,
或者,它們每個會處于一種…處于一種沖突情境而后不知為何故失去控制,
lose their inhibiting effect on that third behavior, which means that the third drive surfaces, it's expressed in the animal's behavior.
第三行為會導致它們失去各自的抑制效果,這意味著第三種表面行為就是表示動物的行為。
Now, these displacement activities can include feeding, drinking, grooming, even sleeping.
現在,這些替換活動可以包括喂食,喝水,打扮甚至睡覺。
These are what we call 'Comfort Behavior'.
這些都是我們所說的安慰行為。
So why do you think displacement activities are so often comfort behaviors, such as grooming?
那么你們為什么認為替換活動常常是安慰行為,比如打扮?
Maybe because it's easy for them to do?
也許,是因為很容易進行?
I mean, grooming is like one of the most accessible things an animal can do.
我的意思是,打扮就像是一種動物可以做到的其中最觸手可及的事情。
It's something they do all the time,
這是它們所有時間一直在做的事情,
and they have the stimulus right there on the outside of their bodies in order to do the grooming, or if food is right in front of them.
而且打扮自己或如果食物就在面前，他們在自己的身體外面會感到刺激。
Basically, they don't have to think very much about those behaviors.
基本上,關于這些行為它們不會想太多。
Professor, isn't it possible that animals groom because they've got messed up a little from fighting or mating?
教授,難道沒有可能動物們打扮自己是因為在爭斗或交配中感到有些無所適從?
I mean if a bird's feathers get ruffled or an animal's fur,
我的意思是如果鳥的羽毛有了折邊或動物的皮毛這樣,
maybe it's not so strange for them to stop and tidy themselves up at that point.
也許它們停下來整理自己這一點上就不足為奇。
That's another possible reason although it doesn't necessarily explain other behaviors such as eating, drinking or sleeping.
盡管不一定能解釋其他行為,比如吃、喝或睡覺，但是有另一個可能的原因。
What's interesting is that studies have been done that suggest that the animal's environment may play a part in determining what kind of behavior it displays.
有趣的是,研究已經完成,表明動物所處的環境在決定什么樣的行為上可能發揮作用。
For example, there's a bird, the 'wood thrush', anyway, when the 'wood thrush' is in an attack-escape conflict, that is,
比如,有一只畫眉鳥,不管怎樣,當畫眉處于攻擊或者逃避的矛盾當中,
it's caught between the two urges to escape from or to attack an enemy,
即它被夾在逃避或攻擊敵人兩種情況間，
if it's sitting on a horizontal branch, it'll wipe its beak on its perch.
如果處于一個水平分支它會擦自己的喙。
If it's sitting on a vertical branch, it'll groom its breast feathers.
如果處于一個垂直分支它將打扮胸前的羽毛。
The immediate environment of the bird, its immediate, um,
環境直接作用于鳥類,直接作用,嗯,
its relationship to its immediate environment seems to play a part in which behavior will display.
對自身周圍環境的關系似乎決定著將采取何種行為。
