第四章 漢譯英翻譯重點(diǎn)

英、漢當(dāng)中語言的類型特點(diǎn)：

1、漢語：語意性語言，力求考究字與語意及其相關(guān)關(guān)系，注意內(nèi)容的意會(huì)性，其句法特點(diǎn)是：主語可以由不同類別的詞語擔(dān)當(dāng)，主語隱含、不顯或無主語的情況時(shí)常可見，謂語成分比較復(fù)雜，且不受主語支配，沒有人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，句與句之間多無明示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞，漢語句子看似松散，如流水般無定式可依。

2、英語：語法性語言，重點(diǎn)研究主謂、序列及其相關(guān)詞類，句子結(jié)構(gòu)受形式邏輯制約，注重形式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，其句法特征是：主語突出，易于識(shí)別，只能由名詞或名詞性的詞語擔(dān)當(dāng)，謂語絕對(duì)受主語支配，在人稱和數(shù)上面必須與主語保持一致，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的變化，句與句之間都與明示邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞相連，英語依法構(gòu)句，形式完整而嚴(yán)密。英語是主語顯著語，英語構(gòu)建在主謂軸上，確定主謂語是成功構(gòu)句、保證譯文與原文功能相似、語意相符的關(guān)鍵。

4.1主語的確定

原文主語作主語：場合有限

重新確定主語

（比較翻譯）

1) 世紀(jì)之交，中國外交空前活躍。

a) The turn of the century finds China most attractive on the diplomatic arena.

b) At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.

中國發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。

Great changes have taken place in China.

China has witnessed tremendous changes.

2) 一九六四年十月中國爆炸了第一顆原子彈，使世界大為震驚。

a. China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.

b. In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.

3) 胎又癟了。

a. We’ve got another flat tire.

b. Our tire is flat again.

4) 人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。

a. It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.

b. We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints.

增補(bǔ)主語

1、 推敲語境

2、 考慮英語語法習(xí)慣和行文的需要

沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆發(fā)，就在沉默中滅亡。

Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence!

起大風(fēng)了。

It’s blowing hard.

用勞動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想，用理想指導(dǎo)自己的勞動(dòng)。

You realize your ideals through labor and you guide your labor by ideals.

1) 中國社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的航船將乘風(fēng)破浪的駛向現(xiàn)代化的光輝彼岸。

a. The ship of China’s socialist construction will brave the wind and waves and sail to the glorious destination of modernization.

b. China will stride forward in building socialism, like a ship braving the wind and the waves, towards the glorious destination of modernization.

2) 我們之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展使我們不僅成為親密的朋友，而且成為兄弟。

a. The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers.

b. Our relations have so grown that bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers.

3) 他心直口快，總是愿意和任何人交朋友，所以很快就贏得了大家的信任。

a. His outspokenness and readiness to make friends with anyone soon won their trust.

b. He was very outspoken and always ready to make friends with anyone, so he won their trust.

4) 中國的富強(qiáng)和發(fā)展不會(huì)對(duì)任何國家構(gòu)成威脅。

a. A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.

b. The strength, prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries.

5) 輕紡工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的花色品種增多，質(zhì)量繼續(xù)有所提高。

a. The designs and variety of light industrial and textile products have increased and their quality has continued to improve.

b. Light industry and textile products are now available in better designs and quality and richer variety.

6) 樓的質(zhì)量不好。

a. The building is not well built.

b. The quality of the building is poor.

天有不測風(fēng)云，人有旦夕禍福。

Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.

真是太荒謬了。

It’s utterly absurd.

只有冷靜才能成功。

Success depends on calm minds.

端午節(jié)吃粽子。

On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat zongzi.

上海近幾年發(fā)生的巨大變化贏得了全世界人民的贊嘆。

That Shanghai has changed greatly in recent years has won admiration from people all over the world.