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Section 1: English-Chinese Translation(英譯漢)(60 point) The time for this section is 100 minutes.
Part A Compulsory Translation (必譯題)(30 points)
It was one of those days that the peasant fishermen on this tributary of the Amazon River dream about.
With water levels falling rapidly at the peak of the dry season, a giant school of bass, a tasty fish that fetches a good price at markets, was swimming right into the nets being cast from a dozen small canoes here.
“With a bit of luck, you can make $350 on a day like this,” Lauro Souza Almeida, a leader of the local fishermen’s cooperative, exulted as he moved into position. “That is a fortune for people like us,” he said, the equivalent of four months at the minimum wage earned by those fortunate enough to find work.
But hovering nearby was a large commercial fishing vessel, a “mother boat” equipped with large ice chests for storage and hauling more than a dozen smaller craft. The crew on board was just waiting for the remainder of the fish to move into the river’s main channel, where they intended to scoop up as many as they could with their efficient gill nets.
A symbol of abundance to the rest of the world, the Amazon is experiencing a crisis of overfishing. As stocks of the most popular species diminish to worrisome levels, tensions are growing between subsistence fishermen and their commercial rivals, who are eager to enrich their bottom line and satisfy the growing appetite for fish of city-dwellers in Brazil and abroad.
In response, peasants up and down the Amazon, here in Brazil and in neighboring countries like Peru, are forming cooperatives to control fish catches and restock their rivers and lakes. But that effort, increasingly successful, has only encouraged the commercial fishing operations, as well as some of the peasants’ less disciplined neighbors, to step up their depredations.
“The industrial fishing boats, the big 20- to 30-ton vessels, they have a different mentality than us artisanal fishermen, who have learned to take the protection of the environment into account,” said the president of the local fishermen’s union. “They want to sweep everything up with their dragnets and then move on, benefiting from our work and sacrifice and leaving us with nothing.”
Part B Optional Translations (二選一題) (30 points)
Topic 1 (選題一)
Ever since the economist David Ricardo offered the basic theory in 1817, economic scripture has taught that open trade—free of tariffs, quotas, subsidies or other government distortions—improves the well-being of both parties. U.S. policy has implemented this doctrine with a vengeance. Why is free trade said to be universally beneficial? The answer is a doctrine called “comparative advantage”.
Here’s a simple analogy. If a surgeon is highly skilled both at doing operations and performing routine blood tests, it’s more efficient for the surgeon to concentrate on the surgery and pay a less efficient technician to do the tests, since that allows the surgeon to make the most efficient use of her own time.
By extension, even if the United States is efficient both at inventing advanced biotechnologies and at the routine manufacture of medicines, it makes sense for the United States to let the production work migrate to countries that can make the stuff more cheaply. Americans get the benefit of the cheaper products and get to spend their resources on even more valuable pursuits, That, anyway, has always been the premise. But here Samuelson dissents. What if the lowerwage country also captures the advanced industry?
If enough higher-paying jobs are lost by American workers to outsourcing, he calculates, then the gain from the cheaper prices may not compensate for the loss in U.S. purchasing power.
“Free trade is not always a win-win situation,” Samuelson concludes. It is particularly a problem, he says, in a world where large countries with far lower wages, like India and China, are increasingly able to make almost any product or offer almost any service performed in the United States.
If America trades freely with them, then the powerful drag of their far lower will begin dragging down U.S. average wages. The U.S. economy may still grow, he calculates, but at a lower rate than it otherwise would have.
Topic 2 (選題二)
Uganda’s eagerness for genuine development is reflected in its schoolchildren’s smiles and in the fact that so many children are now going to school. Since 1997, when the government began to provide universal primary education, total primary enrollment had risen from 3 million to 7.6 million in 2004. Schools have opened where none existed before, although there is some way to go in reaching the poorest areas of the country.
Uganda has also made strides in secondary and higher education, to the point that it is attracting many students from other countries. At the secondary level, enrollment is above 700,000, with the private sector providing the majority if schools. For those who want to take their education further, there are 12 private universities in addition to the four publicly funded institutions, together providing 75,000 places.
Education is seen as a vital component in the fight against poverty. The battle for better health is another, although it is one that will take longer to win in a country that carries a high burden of disease, including malaria and AIDS. Here, the solutions can only arise from a combination of international support and government determination to continue spending public money on preventive care and better public health information.
Current government plants include recruiting thousands of nurses, increasing the availability of drugs and building 200 new maternity units.
Uganda’s high rate of population growth, at 3.6 percent per annum, poses a special challenge in the fight against poverty, says Finance Minister Gerald Ssendaula, who points out that the fertility rate, at 6.9 children per female, is the highest in Africa.
The government’s newly revised Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) puts the “restoration of security” at the top of the current government agenda. This is because it estimates that Uganda has lost 3 percent of its gross domestic product each year that the conflict has persisted. Displaced people are not only a financial burden, they are unable to the economy.
The other core challenges identified by the revised PEAP are finding ways to keep the lowest income growing, improving the quality of education, giving people more control over the size of their families and using public resources transparently and efficiently. It is a document that other poor countries could learn from.
KEYS：
Section 1: 英譯漢 (60分)
Part A (必譯題)(30分)
在亞馬遜河的這一支流上捕魚的農民就希望遇上那天的情況。
旱季最缺水的時候，河面迅速下降，一大群鱸魚正游進從十幾只小船上撒下的網里。鱸魚味道鮮美，能在市場上賣個好價錢。
“要是運氣不錯，趕上今天這種情況，就能掙350美元，”勞魯•蘇扎•阿爾梅達說道。他是當地漁民合作社的一位負責人。他一邊興高采烈地說著，一邊擺好了架式準備干活。他說：“對我們這樣的人來說，這可是一大筆錢呀。”因為就算一個人運氣好，能找到工作，按最低工資計算，要四個月才能掙這么些錢。
然而就在不遠的地方，有一只大型商業漁船在游弋，那是一只“母船”，備有巨大的儲藏冰柜，還拖著十幾只小船。船員都在船上等候，等到剩余的魚進入主河道以后，他們就用高效率的刺網進行捕撈，能撈多少，就撈多少。
亞馬遜河在世界上是物產豐富的標志，到它現在正經受一場過量捕魚的危機。隨著人們最喜愛的各種魚類數量日漸減少，到了令人擔憂的地步，靠打魚糊口的漁民和他們商業對手之間的緊張關系也日益加劇，因為這些對手一心想著裝滿自己的船艙，以滿足巴西乃至國外城里人越來越大的吃魚胃口。
針對這種情況，亞馬遜河沿岸的農民群眾，在巴西境內也好，在秘魯等鄰國也好，紛紛成立合作社，以求控制捕魚量，增加河湖中魚的數量。但是，這方面的努力雖日見成效，卻促使那些為商業目的而捕魚的機構以及附近一些不大守規矩的農民加緊進行掠奪。
“那些工業化的漁船，二、三十噸位的，他們的想法跟我們這些手工操作的漁民不一樣，我們懂得考慮怎樣保護環境，”當地的漁業工會主席說道。“他們想用拖網一網打盡，然后有上別處去打。我們出力，他們受益，弄得我們一無所有。”
