評論
打印
Mr Chair, distinguished members of the Review Committee, ladies and gentlemen,
主席先生，尊敬的審查委員會各位成員，女士們、先生們：
Good morning, and a very warm welcome to Geneva. Thank you for giving us your time and your expertise.
上午好！非常歡迎大家來到日內(nèi)瓦。謝謝你們拿出時間并憑借專門技能前來參會。
You are asked to provide a critical review of how the International Health Regulations performed during the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa.
你們受邀對《國際衛(wèi)生條例》在西非埃博拉病毒病疫情期間的實施情況開展嚴格審查。
The review takes place at a time of nearly universal agreement that the international response to the outbreak was inadequate. When the number of cases in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone began to increase exponentially, all responders, including WHO, were overwhelmed.
這次審查是在幾乎普遍認為對這次疫情的國際反應不夠充分的時刻進行的。當幾內(nèi)亞、利比里亞和塞拉利昂的病例數(shù)量開始呈幾何級數(shù)上升時，包括世衛(wèi)組織在內(nèi)的所有應對方都不堪負重。
Since Ebola first emerged in 1976, WHO and its partners have responded to 22 previous outbreaks of this disease. Even the largest were contained within four to six months.
自從埃博拉于1976年首次出現(xiàn)以來，世衛(wèi)組織及其伙伴對該病以往出現(xiàn)的22次疫情做出了應對。即使是最大的疫情也在四至六個月內(nèi)得到控制。
In West Africa, WHO, and many others, were late in recognizing the potential of the outbreak to grow so explosively. Some warning signals were missed. Why?
這次在西非，世衛(wèi)組織和許多其它方面很晚才意識到本次疫情可能會如此急劇上升。錯失了一些預警信號。這是為什么？
Our challenge now is to look for improvements that leave the world better prepared for the next inevitable outbreak.
我們現(xiàn)在的挑戰(zhàn)是找到改進辦法，使這個世界在下一次不可避免的疫情面前做出更好準備。
Managing the global regime for controlling the international spread of disease is a central and historical responsibility of the World Health Organization. We need to pinpoint the reasons why the response fell short. We need to learn the lessons. We need to put in place corrective strategies just as quickly as possible.
為控制疾病的國際傳播而掌管全球制度，這是世界衛(wèi)生組織的一項歷史性核心責任。我們需要確定這次反應功虧一簣的原因所在。我們需要汲取經(jīng)驗教訓。我們需要盡快提出糾正策略。
The IHR is a principal instrument for doing so. These regulations are the only internationally-agreed set of rules governing the timely and effective response to outbreaks of infectious diseases and other public health emergencies.
《國際衛(wèi)生條例》是實現(xiàn)這一目標的一個主要工具。這些條例僅僅是國際商定的一套規(guī)則，對及時有效應對傳染病疫情和其它突發(fā)公共衛(wèi)生事件作了規(guī)定。
If its legally-binding obligations on States Parties are not being met, change is urgently needed. If WHO is not exercising its full authority under the regulations, change is urgently needed.
當締約國沒有履行其法定義務時，就迫切需要作出改變。當世衛(wèi)組織不能履行條例規(guī)定的所有權限時，就迫切需要作出改變。
Your job is not an easy one. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases have become a much larger menace under the unique conditions of the 21st century, with its unprecedented volume and speed of international travel and the radically increased interdependence among nations.
你們的任務并非輕而易舉。新出現(xiàn)和再現(xiàn)的傳染病在21世紀這種特定條件下已經(jīng)變得更具威脅性，國際旅行的數(shù)量和速度達到了前所未有的程度，各國之間的相互依存關系大大加深。
Every day, nearly 100,000 flights carry 8.6 million passengers and $17.5 billion of goods to their destinations.
每天約有10萬個航班運載著860萬乘客，另有價值175億的貨物被運往其目的地。
The dynamics of virus spread in West Africa had many exceptional features. But it would be a mistake to forget that many other countries also have extremely weak health systems and infrastructures, a history of conflict and civil unrest, highly mobile populations, and entrenched high-risk cultural practices.
該病毒在西非的傳播態(tài)勢具有多個很不尋常的特點。但忽略以下情況也是不對的：許多國家的衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)和基礎設施也極為薄弱，沖突和內(nèi)亂歷史、人口流動性大并且一些高度危險性文化做法根深蒂固。
Ebola in West Africa was the largest, longest, and most deadly event in the nearly four-decade history of this disease. But it was not a worst-case scenario.
西非埃博拉是該病近40年歷史上最大規(guī)模、最為漫長、最為致命的事件。而這還不是最壞情況。
Preparedness for the future means preparedness for a very severe disease that spreads via the airborne route or can be transmitted during the incubation period, before an infected person shows tell-tale signs of illness.
對將來做出防備就意味著對一種十分嚴重的疾病做出準備，這種疾病可以通過空氣傳播方式蔓延開來，或者在感染者出現(xiàn)種種患病體征之前在潛伏期就能引起傳播。
Ladies and gentlemen,
女士們、先生們，
As you undertake this review, you have the views and recommendations of three expert groups as guidance.
在你們開展審查時，三個專家小組提出的意見和建議對你們會有所指導。
First, the review committee that assessed IHR performance during the 2009 influenza pandemic. Second, the review committee that looked at IHR core capacities. And most recently, the report of the Ebola interim assessment panel, chaired by Dame Barbara Stocking. These expert groups have identified three main weaknesses in the performance of the IHR.
首先是對2009年流感大流行期間《國際衛(wèi)生條例》的實施情況作出評估的審查委員會。其次是對《國際衛(wèi)生條例》核心能力作過審視的審查委員會。還有最近由Barbara Stocking夫人主持的埃博拉中期評估小組提出的報告。這些專家小組提出了在實施《國際衛(wèi)生條例》方面存在的三個主要弱點。
First, compliance with the obligation to build core capacities for event detection and response has been dismal. Eight years after the IHR entered into force, fewer than a third of WHO Member States meet the minimum requirements for core capacities to implement the IHR.
首先，在根據(jù)要求建設事件發(fā)現(xiàn)和應對核心能力方面不盡人意。《國際衛(wèi)生條例》生效八年以來，尚不足三分之一的世衛(wèi)組織會員國達到了實施《國際衛(wèi)生條例》核心能力的最低要求。
Why? Is this because health security is not a priority for governments and the international community? Is this because SARS was contained within less than four months, and the long-dreaded influenza pandemic turned out to be so mild? Did everyone relax?
這是為什么呢？是由于衛(wèi)生安全不是政府和國際社會的工作重點？是否因為SARS在不到四個月的時間內(nèi)得到了控制，長期以來令人擔驚受怕的流感大流行到頭來是這樣溫和？是否所有人都松了懈？
Or is it a matter of not having sufficient financial and human resources? As you know, the IHR wording, that “States Parties shall utilize existing national structures and resources to meet their core capacity requirements,” places resource responsibilities squarely on the shoulders of individual governments.
或者是否因為沒有足夠的資金和人力資源？正如你們所知道的那樣，《國際衛(wèi)生條例》“締約國應當利用現(xiàn)有的國家機構和資源，滿足核心能力要求”這一措詞明確將資源責任放在了各個國家政府的身上。
Are the minimum requirements set out in the IHR too demanding? Should we lower the bar? Surely not.
是不是《國際衛(wèi)生條例》闡明的最低要求過高？我們是否需要降低這些限制性規(guī)定？當然不是。
But perhaps we should change our whole approach to the way progress is supported and monitored.
然而我們可能需要改變用來支持和監(jiān)測進展的整個工作方式。
I have heard broad agreement that the practice of relying on self-assessments needs to be replaced with a more rigorous and objective mechanism. You may want to further explore options for doing so.
我聽到的多數(shù)一致意見是，依靠自我評估的做法需要由更加強有力的目標機制來替換。你們可以就這樣做的可選方案進一步進行探討。
Many factors have been cited as contributing to this poor compliance with core capacities.
人們提到了多個造成這種沒有很好的遵守核心能力要求的促成因素。
In a number of countries, implementation of the IHR is regarded as the sole responsibility of ministries of health, with very little engagement from other relevant ministries, such as those responsible for finance, trade, tourism, agriculture, and animal health.
多個國家將《國際衛(wèi)生條例》的實施僅僅視為衛(wèi)生部的責任，極少會涉及到其它相關部門，比如負責財政、貿(mào)易、旅游、農(nóng)業(yè)和動物衛(wèi)生的部門。
National focal points often have limited authority and very little access to a country's true power base. Misunderstanding of the IHR as a rigid, legal process further constrains compliance.
國家歸口單位的權限往往十分有限，極少可以接近國家的真正權力基礎。將《國際衛(wèi)生條例》誤解為一種僵硬的法律程序，這進一步限制了其遵守程度。
