評論
打印
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?
美國的知識分子被他們的所在社會拒絕并不認為是社會組成的一部分，這一情況屬實么？
I am going to suggest that it is not true.
我將暗示一下這不是真實的情況。
Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America.
當父親Bruckbergen觀察發現正是知識分子自己拒絕了美國，他揭露了一部分真相。
But they have done more than that.
但是，他們所做的不僅限于此。
They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual.
他們逐漸對知識分子的角色感到不滿。
It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
正是他們自身，而不是美國，變為了反知識分子。
First, the object of our study pleads for definition.
首先，我們的研究目標是來力求一個定義。
What is an intellectual?
什么是知識分子？
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems.
我把知識分子定義為這樣的個體：他用蘇格拉底的方式思考道德問題，并以此作為其生命中的主要職責與樂趣。
He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions,
他首先提出實際問題，然后提出道德層面上的問題，
finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.
最后提出看起來和他所獲得的實際和道德信息相符合的行動建議。
His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
通過這一系列行為來清晰明了真實地探究此類問題。知識分子的作用與法官的作用類似，后者必須承擔用盡可能明顯的方式來揭示讓他做出決定的推理過程的責任。
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one.
該定義排除了多個通常被稱為知識分子的個體――對于個人而言是普通的科學家。
I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.
我之所以把普通科學家排除在外，是因為雖然他的成就有助于解決道德問題，但是他只是觸及了這些問題的事實方面。
Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties --
和其他人類一樣，即使在日常例行職責的表現中也會遇到道德問題--
he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.
人們并不會要求他可以烹飪實驗，加工事實或醫治報告。
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
但是普通科學家的主要任務并非是思考約束其行為的道德準則，這正如人們不期望商人致力于探究商業行為規范。
During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
在其大部分的人生中，他將認同他的行為準則，正如商人認同商人的道德規范。
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.
該定義同樣排除了多數教師，盡管事實上，教育是許多知識分子用來謀生的傳統方法。
They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.
教師可能擅長教書，而且不僅僅專注于賺錢，但是大部分教師對涉及人類道德判斷的問題很少或沒有進行獨立的思考。
This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars.
大部分著名學者甚至都符合這一描述。
Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts, ” as Emerson would say, is something else.
在人類知識的某一分支是專家是一回事；而生活在如愛默生過去常提到的"公共而勤勉的想法"之中又是另外一回事。
