難句解析:
①Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.
▲這個長句嚴格來說主語只有一個he和兩個謂語(order和ask)。第一個逗號之前是一個表示伴隨狀態(tài)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語,declaring后面是一個that引導的賓語從句,注意其中有一個use... to...的動詞結(jié)構(gòu),然后是主句,第一個謂語ordered后面也是一個that引導的賓語從句,這個從句用了虛擬語氣,在謂語動詞be前面省略了should;破折號之間是個although引導的讓步從句,是對前面的補充;and后面是第二個謂語asked,用了短語搭配ask... to...,ask的賓語其實是panel,這個單詞的前后都是它的修飾成分,尤其是有過去分詞chaired引導的短語,表明的是這個panel的領導者是誰;to后面的動詞report接的是目的地the White House,時間要求in 90 days,內(nèi)容recommendations,后面的for短語說明的是recommendations的內(nèi)容。
△理解這個句子的關鍵在于找到主句的兩個謂語,然后理清兩個謂語動詞后面的賓語成分;再者就是句子開始的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)和破折號之間的補充成分。
②NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.
▲這個句子的主語是NBAC,謂語ask后面是兩個并列的賓語從句,從句都用了虛擬語氣的謂語形式,即省略了should,謂語動詞用原形be。第一個從句的主語是ban,這個詞前后都是修飾成分;第二個從句還是用that引導,句式簡單。要注意的是,如果把第二個從句補齊的話,應該是and possibly ask that it be made law。
△找出ask的兩個賓語從句是理解這個句子的關鍵,同時注意虛擬語氣的運用,明白謂語動詞為什么用be動詞原形。
③The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.
▲這個簡單句的賓語agreement跟了一個on引導的短語,說明的是agreement的內(nèi)容,即a crucial question;question后面有一個whether引導的不定式短語,其中包含了一個賓語從句,從句的主語缺省,應該是legislation。在這個從句中有一個形式賓語it,真正的賓語是后面的for... to...結(jié)構(gòu)。
△whether引導的不定式短語是這個句子的關鍵,注意其中的賓語從句以及it作為形式賓語所替代的真正賓語。
④In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be "morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning".
▲這個簡單句的主干其實就是Shapiro suggested that從句。主語前面的部分是該句的狀語,其中recommendations后面的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)是表明時間的修飾成分。主句的賓語從句中包含了一個consensus的同位語從句,解釋的是consensus的內(nèi)容,這個同位語從句中的it充當?shù)氖切问街髡Z,真正的主語是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。
△該句的主要信息集中的兩個地方,一個是the panel... found... consensus...,另一個是對于consensus的解釋,尤其是對其中形式主語的理解。
⑤Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos(the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.
▲在這個主從復合句中,前面是because引導的原因狀語從句,這個從句的賓語是use,of短語說明了use的對象(federal funds),隨后是兩個并列的不定式短語,表明的是用途(create embryos;to knowingly endanger an embryo's life),其中括號里的內(nèi)容是對embryos的解釋,然后才是主句,注意介詞on(關于)的用法。
△這個句子的關鍵在于use后面的修飾成分,尤其是兩個to不定式的意義,說明了禁止的內(nèi)容。再者注意括號里對embryos的解釋。
n. (水、氣、電)流,趨勢
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