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So, welcome to your introductory geography lecture.
歡迎參加地理導(dǎo)論講座。
We'll begin with some basics.
我們將從一些基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)開始。
Firstly, what do we learn by studying geography?
首先，我們通過學(xué)習(xí)地理學(xué)到了什么？
Well, we learn a great deal about all the processes that have affected and that continue to affect the earth's surface.
我們了解了很多已經(jīng)影響并將繼續(xù)影響地球表面的所有過程。
But we learn far more than that, because studying geography also informs us about the different kinds of relationships that develop between a particular environment and the people that live there.
但我們學(xué)到的遠(yuǎn)不止這些，因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)地理還讓我們了解了特定環(huán)境與生活在那里的人們之間發(fā)展起來的各種關(guān)系。
Okay. We like to think of geography as having two main branches.
好的。我們喜歡把地理學(xué)分為兩個(gè)主要分支。
There's the study of the nature of our planet -- its physical features, what it actually looks like
有一門是研究我們星球的本質(zhì)--它的物理特征，它實(shí)際上是什么樣子的，
and then there's the study of the ways in which we choose to live and of the impact of those on our planet.
還有一門是研究我們選擇的生活方式以及這些方式對我們星球的影響。
Our current use of carbon fuels is a good example of that.
我們目前對碳燃料的使用就是一個(gè)很好的例子。
But there are more specific study areas to consider too, and we'll be looking at each of these in turn throughout this semester.
但也有更具體的研究領(lǐng)域需要考慮，我們將在本學(xué)期依次研究這些領(lǐng)域。
These include bio-physical geography, by which I mean the study of the natural environment and all its living things.
其中包括生物地理學(xué)，我指的是對自然環(huán)境及其所有生物的研究。
Then there's topography -- that looks at the shapes of the land and oceans.
然后是地形學(xué)--研究陸地和海洋的形狀。
There's the study of political geography and social geography too, of course, which is the study of communities of people.
當(dāng)然，也有政治地理學(xué)和社會(huì)地理學(xué)的研究，它們都是研究人類群體的。
We have economic geography -- in which we examine all kinds of resources and their use -- agriculture, for example.
我們還會(huì)涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)地理學(xué)--我們會(huì)研究各種資源及其使用--例如農(nóng)業(yè)。
Next comes historical geography -- the understanding of how people and their environments and the ways they interact have changed over a period of time
接下來是歷史地理學(xué)--了解人們和他們的環(huán)境以及他們相互作用的方式在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)是如何變化的，
and urban geography, an aspect I'm particularly interested in, which takes as its focus the location of dties, the services that those cities provide, and migration of people to and from such cities.
以及城市地理學(xué)，這是我特別感興趣的一個(gè)方面，它會(huì)關(guān)注城市的位置，這些城市提供的服務(wù)，以及人們在這些城市的遷移。
And lastly, we have cartography. That's the art and science of mapmaking. You'll be doing a lot of that!
最后，我們還涉及制圖學(xué)。這是關(guān)于地圖繪制的藝術(shù)和科學(xué)。你會(huì)做很多這樣的事！
